Towards conservation behavioral change through connectedness to nature: A qualitative content analysis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, I.R. Iran.

2 Department of Extension, Communication and Rural Development Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, I. R. Iran.

3 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran.

4 School of Applied Psychology and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.

Abstract

In order to deal with the environmental risks caused by human behavior and change it towards sustainable pro-environmental behaviors, it is suggested to re-establish the connection between humans and the natural world. The purpose of this research was to identify the components affecting connectedness to nature (CTN) in order to strengthen conservation behaviors in the context of critical theory paradigm. To analyze the selected final articles, qualitative content analysis technique with inductive approach was used as the research method. The articles related to CTN are considered as the statistical population and sample in this technique. Selection of the article from population was fulfilled using a purposeful approach. Based on the results of content analysis, a model was developed and proposed for components affecting CTN. The results showed that the three main components including "situational-contextual (experience with nature and activities affecting CTN)", "individual (worldviews and individual factors)", and "psychological (mindfulness, identity, and empathy)" dimensions affecting CTN. Each of the sub-components also encompasses several variables that, when given attention, can enhance CTN and pro-environmental conservation behaviors. The model developed and proposed in the present study can be utilized by policymakers and stakeholders interested in facilitating change and planning for decision-making processes among natural resource users.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Article Title [Persian]

به سوی تغییر رفتار حفاظتی از طریق ارتباط با طبیعت: یک تحلیل محتوای کیفی

Authors [Persian]

  • مریم محمدی 1
  • مسعود بیژنی 1
  • امیر نعیمی 2
  • ناصر ولی زاده 3
  • آنالیزا ستی 4
1 گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ج. ا. ایران
2 گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان. زنجان، ج. ا. ایران
3
4
Abstract [Persian]

برای مقابله با خطرات زیست‌محیطی ناشی از رفتار انسان‌ها و به منظور اصلاح و تغییر رفتار افراد به سوی رفتارهای پایدار زیست‌محیط‌گرایانه، پژوهشگران محیط‌زیست پیوند دوباره انسان و طبیعت را پیشنهاد می‌کنند. براین اساس، هدف این پژوهش، بر شناسایی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر پیوند با طبیعت (CTN) به منظور تقویت رفتارهای حفاظتی در قالب پارادایم نظریه انتقادی قرار گرفت. برای تحلیل مقالات نهایی منتخب، از روش تحقیق تحلیل محتوای کیفی استقرایی استفاده شد. جامعه آماری، مقالات مرتبط با CTN بود که نمونه‌های مورد نظر به روش هدفمند انتخاب شدند. براساس نتایج حاصل از تحلیل محتوا، مدل مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر CTN به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که سه مؤلفه اصلی "زمینه‏ای (شامل عوامل experience with nature و activities affecting CTN)"، "فردی (شامل عواملworldviews  و individual factors)" و "روان‌شناختی (شامل عوامل  mindfulness، identity و empathy)" بر CTN تأثیر گذارند. هرکدام از این مؤلفه‌ها نیز خود شامل عوامل و متغیرهای متعددی هستند که توجه به آن‌ها می‌تواند باعث تقویت CTN و به دنبال آن تقویت رفتارهای حفاظتی زیست‌محیط‌گرایانه (PECB) شود. مدل به دست‌آمده می‌‌تواند در تصمیم‌گیری و برنامه‌ریزی اقدامات حفاظتی زیست‌محیطی مورد استفاده سیاست‌گذاران و علاقه‌مندان قرار گیرد.

Keywords [Persian]

  • پایداری
  • تحلیل محتوای کیفی
  • حفاظت زیست‌محیطی
  • پیوند انسان با طبیعت
  • رفتارهای زیست‌ محیط‌ گرایانه
  • نظریه انتقادی
Razzaghi-asl, S., Rostami Z., & Zibaee, N. (2016). Content analysis of international urban design papers between (2005 -2012), research Methods & themes. Hoviatshahr, 9(24), 79-86. (In Persian).
Amel, E. L., Manning, C. M., & Scott, B. A. (2009). Mindfulness and sustainable behavior: Pondering attention and awareness as means for increasing green behavior. Ecopsychology, 1(1), 14-25.
https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2008.0005
DeCicco, T. L., & Stroink, M. L. (2007). A third model of self-construal: The meta-personal self. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 26, 82-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453702028005659
Balundė, A., Jovarauskaitė, L., & Poškus, M. S. (2019). Exploring the relationship between connectedness with nature, environmental identity, and environmental self-identity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sage Open, 9(2), 2158244019841925.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019841925
Barbaro, N., & Pickett, S. M. (2016). Mindfully green: Examining the effect of connectedness to nature on the relationship between mindfulness and engagement in pro-environmental behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. paid.2015.05.026
Barrera-Hernández, L. F., Sotelo-Castillo, M. A., Echeverría-Castro, S. B., & Tapia-Fonllem, C. O. (2020). Connectedness to nature: Its impact on sustainable behaviors and happiness in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 276.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.0027
Bechtel, R. B., Verdugo, V. C., & de Queiroz Pinheiro, J. (1999). Environmental belief systems: United States, Brazil, and Mexico. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(1), 122-128.
https://10.1177/0022022199030001008
Beery, T. H. (2013). Nordic in nature: Friluftsliv and environmental connectedness. Environmental Education Research, 19(1), 94-117.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.688799
Beery, T. H., & Wolf-Watz, D. (2014). Nature to place: Rethinking the environmental connectedness perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 198-205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.006
Braun, T., & Dierkes, P. (2017). Connecting students to nature–how intensity of nature experience and student age influence the success of outdoor education programs. Environmental Education Research, 23(7), 937-949. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1214866
Brick, C., & Lewis, G. J. (2014). Unearthing the “green” personality: Core traits predict environmentally friendly behavior. Environment and Behavior, 48(5), 635-658. https://doi:10.1177/0013916514554695.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Bruni, C. M., & Schultz, P. W. (2010). Implicit beliefs about self and nature: Evidence from an IAT game. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.004
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014). The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(97), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976
Chatzisarantis, N. L., & Hagger, M. S. (2007). Mindfulness and the intention-behavior relationship within the theory of planned behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 663-676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206297401
Chawla, L., & Cushing, D. F. (2007). Education for strategic environmental behavior. Environmental Education Research, 13(4), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620701581539
Cheng, J. C. H., & Monroe, M. C. (2012). Connection to nature: Children’s affective attitude toward nature. Environment and Behavior, 44(1), 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916510385082
Cho, Y., & Lee, D. (2018). ‘Love honey, hate honey bees’: Reviving biophilia of elementary school students through environmental education program. Environmental Education Research, 24(3), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1279277.
Clayton, S., & Myers, G. (2015). Conservation psychology: Understanding and promoting human Care for nature.UK: John Wiley & Sons. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ.
Clayton, S., Fraser, J., & Burgess, C. (2011). The role of zoos in fostering environmental identity. Ecopsychology, 3(2), 87-96.
https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2010.0079.
Collado, S., Corraliza, J. A., Staats, H., & Ruiz, M. (2015). Effect of frequency and mode of contact with nature on children's self-reported ecological behaviors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.001
Collado, S., Staats, H., & Corraliza, J. A. (2013). Experiencing nature in children's summer camps: Affective, cognitive and behavioural consequences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.08.002
Crawford, M. R., Holder, M. D., & O’Connor, B. P. (2017). Using mobile technology to engage children with nature. Environment and Behavior, 49(9), 959-984. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516673870
Davis, J. L., Le, B., & Coy, A. E. (2011). Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 257-265.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.004
Di Fabio, A., & Bucci, O. (2016). Green positive guidance and green positive life counseling for decent work and decent lives: Some empirical results. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 261.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00261
Di Fabio, A., & Kenny, M. E. (2018). Connectedness to nature, personality traits and empathy from a sustainability perspective. Current Psychology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0031-4
Diessner, R., Genthôs, R., Praest, K., & Pohling, R. (2018). Identifying with nature mediates the influence of valuing nature's beauty on pro-environmental behaviors. Ecopsychology, 10(2), 97-105.
https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2017.0040
Dopko, R. L., Capaldi, C. A., & Zelenski, J. M. (2019). The psychological and social benefits of a nature experience for children: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 63, 134-138. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.05.002
Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The “new environmental paradigm”. The Journal of Environmental Education, 9(4), 10-19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1978.10801875
Dutcher, D. D., Finley, J. C., Luloff, A. E., & Johnson, J. B. (2007). Connectivity with nature as a measure of environmental values. Environment and Behavior, 39(4), 474-493.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506298794
Fallah Haghighi, N., Mahmoudi, M., & Bijani, M. (2018). Barriers to entrepreneurship development in Iran’s higher education: A qualitative case study. Interchange, 49(3), 353-375.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-018-9330-9
Frantz, C., Mayer, F. S., Norton, C., & Rock, M. (2005). There is no “I” in nature: The influence of self-awareness on connectedness to nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(4), 427-436. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.10.002
Gray, O. (1985). Ecological beliefs and behavior. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative Research, (105-117), Sage Publications, Inc.
Harrington, C. (2014). Toward a critical water security: Hydro solidarity and emancipation. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 21, 28-44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2013.8 46269
Harvey, M. L., Oskins, J. D., McCarter, K. N., & Baker, J. R. (2016). Direct earth contact: Barefootedness and nature connection. Ecopsychology, 8(2), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0075
Hemayatkhah Jahromi, M., Ershad, F., Danesh, P., Ghorbani, M. (2017). Sociological study of relationship between knowledge, attitudes and environmental behaviors: (Case of study of tehran university students). Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 8(1), 5-25. (In Persian). Retrieved from: http://jspi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2719-fa.html
Heron, J., & Reason, P. (1997). A participatory inquiry paradigm. Qualitative Inquiry, 3(3), 274-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780049700300302
Hinds, J., & Sparks, P. (2008). Engaging with the natural environment: The role of affective connection and identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(2), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.11.001
Hinds, J., & Sparks, P. (2009). Investigating environmental identity, well-being, and meaning. Ecopsychology, 1(4), 181-186.
https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2009.0026
Howell, A. J., Dopko, R. L., Passmore, H. A., & Buro, K. (2011). Nature connectedness: Associations with well-being and mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(2), 166-171.
https:doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037
Hughes, J., Richardson, M., & Lumber, R. (2018). Evaluating connection to nature and the relationship with conservation behaviour in children. Journal for Nature Conservation, 45, 11-19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.07.004
Ienna, M., Rofe, A., Gendi, M., Douglas, H. E., Kelly, M., Hayward, M. W., Callen, A., Klop-Toker, K., Scanlon, R. J., Howell, L.G., Griffin, A. S. (2022). The relative role of knowledge and empathy in predicting pro-environmental attitudes and behavior. Sustainability, 14(8), 4622.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084622
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. UK: Hachette.
Kaiser, F.G., Roczen, N., & Bogner, F.X. (2008). Competence formation in environmental education: advancing ecology-specific rather than general abilities. Umweltpsychologie, 12, 56-70. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-9249
Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31(2), 178-202.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00139169921972056
Lankenau, G. R. (2018). Fostering connectedness to nature in higher education. Environmental Education Research, 24(2), 230-244.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1225674
Larson, L. R., Szczytko, R., Bowers, E. P., Stephens, L. E., Stevenson, K. T., & Floyd, M. F. (2018). Outdoor time, screen time, and connection to nature: Troubling trends among rural youth? Environment and Behavior, 51(8), 966-991.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916518806686
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Choi, J., & Zachariassen, K. (2015). Connectedness to nature and to humanity: Their association and personality correlates. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1003.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003
Lengieza, M. L., & Swim, J. K. (2021). The paths to connectedness: A review of the antecedents of connectedness to nature. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 763231. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763231
Liefländer, A. K., Fröhlich, G., Bogner, F. X., & Schultz, P. W. (2013). Promoting connectedness with nature through environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 19(3), 370-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2012.697545
Liobikienė, G., & Poškus, M. S. (2019). The importance of environmental knowledge for private and public sphere pro-environmental behavior: Modifying the value-belief-norm theory. Sustainability, 11(12), 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123324
Lumber, R., Richardson, M., & Sheffield, D. (2017). Beyond knowing nature: Contact, emotion, compassion, meaning, and beauty are pathways to nature connection. PLOS ONE, 12(5), e0177186. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177186
Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503-515.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
Mayer, F. S., Frantz, C. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Dolliver, K. (2009). Why is nature beneficial? The role of connectedness to nature. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 607-643.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508319745
Miller, J. R. (2005). Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20(8), 430-434.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.013
Mohammadi, M., Bijani, M., Naeimi, A., Valizadeh, N., & Setti, A. (2024). Extracting indicators of connectedness to nature to improve water conservation behavior in agriculture. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 22, 100338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2024.100338
Müller, M. M., Kals, E., & Pansa, R. (2009). Adolescents’ emotional affinity toward nature: A cross-societal study. Journal of Developmental Processes, 4(1), 59-69. Retrieved from: https://edoc.ku.de/id/eprint/3779/AnalyticsGoogle Scholar
Musitu-Ferrer, D., León-Moreno, C., Callejas-Jerónimo, J. E., Esteban-Ibáñez, M., & Musitu-Ochoa, G. (2019). Relationships between parental socialization styles, empathy and connectedness with nature: Their implications in environmentalism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2461.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142461.
Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective forecasting errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1101-1106. https://doi: 10.1177/0956797611418527
Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Grandpierre, Z. (2019). Mindfulness in nature enhances connectedness and mood. Ecopsychology, 11(2), 81-91. https://doi: 10.1089/eco.2018.0061
Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J.M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individual’s connection with nature to environmental concern and behaviour. Environment and Behaviour, 41(5), 715-740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508318748
Nour, M. M., Evans, L., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2017). Psychedelics, personality and political perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49(3), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643
Otto, S., & Pensini, P. (2017). Nature-based environmental education of children: Environmental knowledge and connectedness to nature, together, are related to ecological behaviour. Global Environmental Change, 47, 88-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.009
Plack, M. M. (2005). Human nature and research paradigms: Theory meets physical therapy practice. The Qualitative Report, 10(2), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2005.1847
Richardson, M., & Sheffield, D. (2015). Reflective self-attention: A more stable predictor of connection to nature than mindful attention. Ecopsychology, 7(3), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0010
Richardson, M., Cormack, A., McRobert, L., & Underhill, R. (2016). 30 days wild: Development and evaluation of a large-scale nature engagement campaign to improve well-being. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0149777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149777
Rosa, C. D., Profice, C. C., & Collado, S. (2018). Nature experiences and adults’ self-reported pro-environmental behaviors: The role of connectedness to nature and childhood nature experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1055.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01055
Sanguinetti, A. (2014). Transformational practices in cohousing: Enhancing residents' connection to community and nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 86-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.05.003
Schultz, P. W. (2001). The structure of environmental concern: Concern for self, other people, and the biosphere. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(4), 327-339.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0227.
Schultz, P. W., & Tabanico, J. (2007). Self, identity, and the natural environment: Exploring implicit connections with nature. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(6), 1219-1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00210.x
Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J. J., Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272- 4944(03)00022-7
Schultz, P.W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. Psychology of Sustainable Development. Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0995-0_4
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2018). Mindfulness and connectedness to nature: A meta-analytic investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 10-14. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.034
Scott, B. A. (2010). Babes and the woods: Women's objectification and the feminine beauty ideal as ecological hazards. Ecopsychology, 2(3), 147-158. https://doi/abs/10.1089/eco.2010.0030
Sellmann, D., & Bogner, F. X. (2013). Effects of a 1-day environmental education intervention on environmental attitudes and connectedness with nature. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(3), 1077-1086 (2013). https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0155-0
Shahvali, M. (2010). Explaining the agricultural innovation ystem. Plan No. 2279/3/89, Research Institute of Planning, Economy and Rural Development, Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture. Not published (In Persian).
Shahvali, M. (2013). Explanation of transcendental paradigm of agricultural innovation system. In: Proceeding of the second conference on Islamic-Iranian development model. (PP. 101) Tehran: National Library.
Soliman, M., Peetz, J., & Davydenko, M. (2017). The impact of immersive technology on nature relatedness and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 29(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000213
Stemler, S. (2000). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and evaluation, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.7275/z6fm-2e34
Swami, V., Barron, D., Weis, L., & Furnham, A. (2016). Bodies in nature: Associations between exposure to nature, connectedness to nature, and body image in US adults. Body Image, 18, 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.07.002
Tabatabaee, A., Hasani, P., Mortazavi, H., Tabatabaeichehr, M. (2013). Strategies to enhance rigor in qualitative research. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 5(3), 663-670. (In Persian). https://doi.org/ 10.29252/jnkums.5.3.663
Tabrizi, M. (2014). Qualitative content analysis from the perspective of deductive and inductive approaches. Social Sciences, 21(64), 105-138. https://doi: 10.22054/qjss.2014.344
Tam, K. P. (2013). Concepts and measures related to connection to nature: Similarities and differences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.004
Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for qualitative data analysis. American Journal of Evaluation, 2 (27), 237-246.
 https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
Unsworth, S., Palicki, S. K., & Lustig, J. (2016). The impact of mindful meditation in nature on self-nature interconnectedness. Mindfulness, 7, 1052-1060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0542-8
Warner, L. A., & Diaz, J. M. (2021). Amplifying the theory of planned behavior with connectedness to water to inform impactful water conservation program planning and evaluation. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 27(2), 229-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2020.1844771
Whitburn, J., Linklater, W., & Abrahamse, W. (2020). Meta-analysis of human connection to nature and pro-environmental behavior. Conservation Biology, 34(1), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13381
Zelenski, J. M., Dopko, R. L., & Capaldi, C. A. (2015). Cooperation is in our nature: Nature exposure may promote cooperative and environmentally sustainable behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.01.005/
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Iyer, R. (2014b). Engagement with natural beauty moderates the positive relation between connectedness with nature and psychological well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 55-63. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.12.013
Zhang, W., Goodale, E., & Chen, J. (2014a). How contact with nature affects children’s biophilia, biophobia and conservation attitude in China. Biological Conservation, 177, 109-116. https://doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.011
Zsóka, Á., Szerényi, Z. M., Széchy, A., & Kocsis, T. (2013). Greening due to environmental education? Environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday pro-environmental activities of Hungarian high school and university students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 126-138(2013). https://doi.org/