Investigating the physicochemical and fermentation characteristics of the lime pulp silage treated with molasses

Document Type : Full Article

Authors

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz I.R. Iran

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of adding molasses on the physicochemical and silage fermentation characteristics, and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of fresh and ensiled lime pulps. This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with four treatments including fresh lime pulp without additives (FLP), fresh lime pulp mixed with molasses; (FLPM), fresh lime pulp silage (LPS), and fresh lime pulp silage mixed with molasses (LPMS). Three replications were performed in each treatment Digestibility and gas production were determined using rumen liquid taken from two male Ghezel sheep. The results revealed that the application of molasses had no significant impact on the amount of dry matter. However, a marked distinction (P<0.05) was observed between the treatments regarding neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, pH, and water holding capacity (WHC). The potential of gas production for FLPM was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. The addition of molasses to fresh lime pulp enhanced (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter in the rumen and total digestive tract. However, the presence of molasses in lime pulp silage reduced (P<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter in the rumen and total digestive tract. The results of this study suggested that the use of molasses would enhance fermentation and digestion by altering the composition of pectin in fresh lime pulp. While the lime pulp can be ensiled without molasses, the addition of molasses boosts the nutritive value and digestibility of silage.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Article Title [Persian]

بررسی ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و تخمیری سیلوی تفاله لیمو‌ترش تیمار شده با ملاس

Authors [Persian]

  • مهران جلیلی
  • حمید محمدزاده
  • علی حسین خانی
  • اکبر تقی زاده
گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ج.ا. ایران
Abstract [Persian]

هدف از مطالعه حاضر تعیین اثرات کاربرد ملاس بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و تخمیر سیلویی و قابلیت هضم تفاله لیمو‌ترش تازه و سیلو شده بود. این پژوهش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با جهار تیمار و سه تکرار در هر تیمار انجام شد. تیمارها شامل تفاله لیمو‌ترش تازه بدون مواد افزودنی (FLP)، تفاله لیمو‌ترش تازه مخلوط با ملاس (FLPM)، سیلو تفاله لیمو‌ترش (LPS) و سیلو تفاله لیمو‌ترش تازه مخلوط با ملاس (LPMS) بودند. برای بررسی قابلیت هضم و تولید گاز، مایع شکمبه از دو گوسفند نر نژاد قزل گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر افزودن ملاس بر میزان ماده خشک معنی‌دار نبود. با این حال، بین تیمارها از نظر NDF، ADF، خاکستر، pH و ظرفیت نگهداری آب تفاوت معنی‌داری (0.05>P) وجود داشت. پتانسیل تولید گاز برای FLPM به طور معنی‌داری (0.05>P) بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود. افزودن ملاس به تفاله لیمو‌ترش تازه باعث افزایش (0.05>P) قابلیت هضم ماده خشک در شکمبه و کل دستگاه گوارش شد. در ﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﺎل قابلیت هضم ماده خشک در شکمبه و کل دستگاه گوارش، با افزودن ملاس به سیلاژ لیمو‌ترش کاهش داشت (0.05>P). نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که ملاس می‌تواند از طریق تغییر در ساختار پکتین موجود در تفاله لیمو‌ترش تازه برای بهبود کیفیت تخمیر و هضم آن مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. تفاله لیمو‌ترش را می‌توان بدون افزودن ملاس سیلو نمود؛ اما با افزودن ملاس قابلیت هضم و ارزش غذایی سیلاژ بهبود می‌یابد.

Keywords [Persian]

  • پکتین
  • تفاله لیمو‌ترش
  • ظرفیت نگهداری آب
  • قابلیت هضم ماده خشک
  • نشخوارکنندگان
Aman, J., Nurmohamed, S. A, Vervloet, M. G., & Groeneveld, A. B. (2010). Metabolic effects of citrate- vs bicarbonate-based substitution fluid in continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a prospective sequential cohort study. Journal of Clinical Care, 25(1), 120-127.
https:// doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.02.013
Aras, B., Kalfazade, N., Tuğcu, V., Eray, K., Ozbay, B., Polat, H., & Taşçi, A. I. (2008). Can lemon juice be an alternative to potassium citrate in the treatment of urinary calcium stones in patients with hypocitraturia? A prospective randomized study. Urological Research,  36(6), 313-317.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-008-0152-6
A.O.A.C., ,Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. (2005). Official methodss of analysis. 14th Edition. Washington, DC: A.O.A.C.
Barrios-Urdaneta, A., Fondevila, M., & Castrillo, C. (2003). Effect of supplementation with different proportions of barley grain or citrus pulp on the digestive utilization of ammonia-treated straw by sheep. Animal Science, 76, 309−317.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800053558
Behasharti, M., Shafipour, N., Abdi, E., & Nemati, Z. (2017). Effects of supplementation alfalfa silage with molasses, orange pulp and Lactobacillus buchneri on in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production. Journal of BioScience and Biotechnology 6(1), 43-47. https://editorial.uni plovdiv.bg/index.php/JBB/article/view/89
Brito, A. F., Soder, K. J., Chouinard, P. Y., Reis, S. F., Ross, S., Rubano, M. D & Casler, M. D. (2017). Production performance and milk fatty acid profile in grazing dairy cows offered ground corn or liquid molasses as the sole supplemental nonstructural carbohydrate source. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 8146–8160. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12618
Canvasser, N.E., Rivera, M., Bechis, S., Ingimarsson, J., Knoedler, J., Stern, K., Stoughton, C.L., Wollin, D., Borofsky, M., Bhojani, N., El Tayeb, M., Kamphuis, G., Leavitt, D., His, R.S & Scotland, K.M. (2022). Over-the-counter alkali agents to raise urine pH and citrate excretion: A prospective crossover study in healthy adults. Urology,  168(6), 72-78.
Castillo-Israel, K. A. T., Baguio, S. F, Diasanta, M. D. B., Lizardo, R. C. M., Dizon, E. I., & Mejico, M. I. F. (2015). Extraction and characterization of pectin from Saba banana [Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana)] peel wastes: A preliminary study. International Food Research Journal, 22(1), 190-195.
http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/22%20(01)%202015/(29).pdf
Chen, K., Zhou, J., Liu, L., Liu, J., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2010). Enhancing 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production under hyperosmotic stress by adding sucrose. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 26(11), 1507-1513. https://cjb.ijournals.cn/cjben/article/abstract/gc10001507?st=article_issue
FAOSTAT. (2020). Top 20 countries production of lemons and limes. (accessed on 26 November 2022). Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity
Fedorak, P. M., & Hrudey, S. E. (1983). A simple apparatus for measuring gas production by methanogenic cultures in serum bottles. Environmental Technology, 4, 425-432.
Filya, I. (2003). The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of low dry matter corn and sorghum silages. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 3575-3581.
Gabutti, L., Lucchini, B., Marone, G., Alberio, L., & Burnier, M. (2009). Citrate- vs. acetate-based dialysate in bicarbonate hemodialysis: consequences on hemodynamics, coagulation, acid-base status, and electrolytes. BMC Nephrology 10, Article number 7.
https:// doi: 10. 1186/1471-2369-10-7
Giger-Reverdin, S. (2000). Characterisation of feedstuffs for ruminants using some physical paramerters. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 86, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00159-0
Holden, L. (1999). Comparison of methods of in vitro dry matter digestibility for ten feeds. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 1791-1794.
Ke, W., Wang, Y., Rinne, M., Franco, M. O., Li, F., Lin, Y., Zhang, Q., Cai, Y., & Zhang, G. (2023). Effects of lactic acid bacteria and molasses on the fermentation quality, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and microbial community of Korshinsk peashrub (Caragana korshinskii Kom.) silages harvested at two growth stages. Grass and Forage Science 2023, 1-13..  https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12619
Kordi, M., Naserian, A. A, Valizadeh, R., & Tahmasbi, A. M. (2010).  Effects  of different  levels of molasses on fermentational properties of citrus pulp silage. Proceeding of 14th Animal Science Congress of AAAP. pp. 198. Taiwan.
Mahato, N., Sinha, M., Sharma, K., Koteswararao, R., & Cho, M. H. (2019). Modern extraction and purification techniques for obtaining high purity food-grade bioactive compounds and value-added co-products from citrus wastes. Foods,  8(11), 523.
Oelker, E. R., Reveneau, C., & Firkins, J. L. (2009). Interaction of molasses and monensin in alfalfa hay- or corn silage-based diets on rumen fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production by Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 270–285. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1432
Ørskov, E. R., & McDonald, I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 92, 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048
Palmonari, A., Cavallini, D., Sniffen, C. J., Fernandes, L., Holder, L., Fagioli, P. L,  Fusaro, I., Biagi, G., Formigoni, A., & Mammi, L. (2020). Characterization of molasses chemical composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 6244–6249.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17644
Paviz, M. M., Ghoorchi, T., & Ghanbari, F. (2011). Effect of molasses and bactrial incoulant on chemical composition and aerobic stability of sorghum silage. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(4), 385-390. DOI : 10.3923/ajava.2011.385.390
Penniston, K.L., Nakada, S.Y., Holmes, R.P., & Assimos, D.G. (2008). Quantitative assessment of citric acid in lemon juice, lime juice, and commercially available fruit juice products. Journal of Endourolog. 22(3), 567–570.
Peterson, J. J., Beecher, G. R., Bhagwat, S. A., Dwyer, J. T, Gebhardt, S. E., Haytowitz, D. B., & Holden, J. M. (2006).  Flavanones in grapefruit, lemons and limes: A composition and review of the data from the analytical literature. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 574-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.12.009
Lashkari, S., & Taghizadeh, A. (2012). Estimating of chemical composition, degradability, and fermentation parameters of citrus by- products using in situ and gas production techniques. Journal of Animal Science Research, 23(1), 15-28. (In Persian).
https://animalscience.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_382_85.html?lang=en
Liu, S., Li, S. h., & Ho, C. T. (2022). Dietary bioactives and essential oils of lemon and lime fruits. Food Science and Human Wellness, 11(4), 753-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.001
Rodsamraa, P., & Sothornvit, R. (2019). Microwave heating extraction of pectin from lime peel: Characterization and properties compared with the conventional heating method. Food Chemistry, 278, 364-372.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. Cary, NC. USA: SAS Institute, Inc.
Thibault, J. F., & Ralet, M. C. (2003). Physico-chemical properties of pectins in the cell walls and after extraction. In Voragen, F., Schols, H., Visser, R. (Eds) Advances in pectin and pectinase research (PP 91-105). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0331-4_7
Tayengwa, T., Katiyatiya, C. L. F, Mahachi, L. N., Chikwanha, O. C., & Mapiye, C. (2022). Citrus biowastes: Applications in production and quality enhancement of food from animal sources. In: Ramadan, M. F., Farag, M. A. (eds) Mediterranean fruits bio-wastes. (pp. 133-177). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84436-3_7
Yoo, S. H., Fishman, M. L., Savary, B. J., & Hotchkiss, A. T. (2003). Monovalent salt-induced gelation of enzymatically deesterified pectin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51(25), 7410– 7417. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030152o
Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
Visser, J., & Voragen, A. G. J. (Eds.) (1996). Pectins and pectinases. In progress in biotechnology book series.Vol. 14, Pages 3- 990.
Walheim, L. (1996). Citrus: Complete guide to selecting, growing and using more than 100 varieties in California, Arizona, Texas and Florida. USA: Ironwood Press.
Wang, M., Wang, H., Zheng, H., Uhrin, Dusan., Dewhurs, R. J., & Roehe, R. (2021). Comparison of HPLC and NMR for quantification of the main volatile fatty acids in rumen digesta. Scientifc Reports, 11, 24337. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03553-9
Zinjarde, R. M., & Gampawar A. S. (2014). Preservation of orange pomace by ensiling with paddy straw-A laboratory trial. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 72(3), 266-268.
https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IJAnS/article/view/37505.