The effect of cutting turn on the content of prussic acid and nitrate in forage sorghum

Document Type : Full Article

Author

Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

10.22099/iar.2022.40922.1447

Abstract

In the sorghum plant, prussic acid and nitrate are the main anti-nutritional compounds that can harm animals if the permitted levels are exceeded. This study aimed to determine the effect of cutting sequentially on prussic acid and nitrate content in eighteen varieties of sorghum forage including four Iranian domestic and fourteen imported varieties. All varieties under the same irrigation, fertilization, light, and temperature conditions were planted. The first and second cuttings were conducted at the flowering stage, and 50 days later, respectively. According to the results, the foreign variety of FS one BMR had the highest amount of prussic acid in both cuttings but this compound level reduced from 481 ppm in the first cutting to 397 ppm in the second one. While the lowest content of prussic acid was detected in the Titan variety (163 and 37 ppm in the first and second cuttings, respectively). In the second cutting, nitrate contents were also significantly lower than those in the first one. Moreover, two varieties of Juicy sweet 2 and Juicy Sweet BMR SSH.1 recorded the maximum nitrate content (2417, and 2089 ppm, respectively) in the first cutting. By contrast, the minimum nitrate found in KFS-2 and FGCSI09 varieties by 127 and 143 ppm, respectively at the same time. Regarding the second harvesting, HFS1 and PFS-21 varieties recorded the highest nitrate content (162 and 150 ppm, respectively) whereas FGCSI12 and PHFS-27 varieties had the minimum amounts of 14 and 64 ppm, respectively. As compared with the recommended tolerable levels of prussic acid and nitrate in animal feed, the  studied varieties were not toxic in the first cutting, and both compounds decreased significantly in the second cutting.

Keywords


Article Title [Persian]

اثر نوبت چین بر غلظت اسید پروسیک و نیترات در سورگوم علوفه‌ای

Author [Persian]

  • مهدی امیرصادقی
مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
Abstract [Persian]

اسید پروسیک و نیترات در گیاه سورگوم، مهمترین مواد ضد تغذیه­ای هستند که می‌توانند به حیواناتی که این گیاه را بالاتر از حد مجاز مصرف می‌کنند آسیب برسانند. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین اثر نوبت چین برداشت سورگوم بر غلظت اسید پروسیک و نیترات در 18 واریته این گیاه شامل 4 واریته داخلی و 14 واریته وارداتی انجام شد. همه واریته­ها در شرایط یکسان آبیاری، کود‌دهی، نور و دما کشت شدند. برداشت (چین)اول در مرحله گل­دهی و برداشت (چین)دوم 50 روز بعد انجام شد. واریته خارجی FS one BMR بیشترین مقدار اسید پروسیک را در هر دو چین داشت اما مقدار آن، از 481 پی‌پی‌ام در چین اول به 397 پی‌پی‌ام در چین دوم، کاهش یافت. کمترین مقدار اسید پروسیک برای واریته Titan (بترتیب 163 و 37 پی‌پی‌ام در چین اول و دوم) بدست آمد. در برش دوم، محتوای نیترات نیز بطور قابل توجهی کمتر از محتوای آن در برش اول بود. در چین اول، واریته های Juicy sweet2 و Juicy sweet BMR SSH1 بیشترین مقدار نیترات (بترتیب 2417 و2089 پی‌پی‌ام) را داشتند  و کمترین مقدار نیترات در چین اول در واریته های KFS-2 و FGCSI09 (بترتیب 127 و 143 پی‌پی‌ام) بدست آمد. اما در چین دوم واریته های HFS1 و PFS-21 بیشترین مقدار نیترات (بترتیب 162 و 150 پی‌پی‌ام) و واریته های FGCSI12 و PHFS کمترین مقدار نیترات (بترتیب 14 و 64 پی‌پی‌ام)را بخود اختصاص دادند. در مقایسه با مقادیر توصیه شده برای مصرف پروسیک اسید و نیترات در جیره دام، هیچ یک از واریته های مورد مطالعه سمّی نبودند و هر دو ترکیت در چین دوم بمقدار قابل توجهی کاهش یافتند.

Keywords [Persian]

  • اسید پروسیک
  • تغذیه دام
  • عوامل ضد تغذیه‌ای
  • نیترات
Ahn, J. Y., Kil, D. Y., Kong, C., & Kim, B. G. (2014). Comparison of oven-drying methods for determination of moisture content in feed ingredients. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(11), 1615–1622.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2014.14305
Astuti, D., Suhartanto, B., Umami, N., & Irawan, A. (2019). Productivity, nutrient composition, and hydrocyanic acid concentration of Super-2 Forage Sorghum at different NPK levels and planting spaces. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 42(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2019.42.3.189
Ates, E., Tenikecier, H. S., & Faculty, A. (2019). Hydrocyanic Acid Content , Forage Yield and Some Quality Features of Two Sorghum-Sudan Grass Hybrid Cultivars Under Different Nitrogen Doses in Thrace , Turkey. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 8(16), 55–62.
Bahrani, M. J., & Deghani Ghenateghestani, A. (2004). Summer Forage Sorghum Yield, Protein and Prussic Acid Contents as Affected by Plant Density and Nitrogen Topdressing. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 6, 73–83.
Ćupina, B., Manojlović, M., Krstić, D., Čabilovski, R., Mikić, A., Ignjatović-Ćupina, A., & Erić, P. (2011). Effect of winter cover crops on the dynamics of soil mineral nitrogen and yield and quality of Sudan grass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(7), 839–845.
Dewi, M. P., Umami, N., & Suhartanto, B. (2019). The Effect of Variety and Harvesting Time of Sorghum Planted in Stylosanthes Pasture on Growth, Production and Prussic Acid Content. Buletin Peternakan, 43(3), 166–170. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v43i3.39759
Getachew, G., Putnam, D. H., De Ben, C. M., & De Peters, E. J. (2016). Potential of Sorghum as an Alternative to Corn Forage. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 07(07), 1106–1121. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.77106
Gholami, H., Khazaei, A., Golzardi, F., & Amirsadeghi, M. (2023). Evaluation of forage yield and quality in the local and foreign cultivars, lines, and hybrids of forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Journal of Animal Science Research, Article in Press. https://doi.org/10.22034/AS.2021.13882
Haskins, F. A., Gorz, H. J., Hill, R. ., & Youngquist, J. B. (1984). Influence of Sample Treatment on Apparent Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Sorghum Leaf Tissue. Crop Science, 24(6), 1158–1163.
Holman, J. D., Obour, A. K., & Mengel, D. B. (2019). Nitrogen application effects on forage sorghum production and nitrate concentration. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(20), 2794–2804. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1659321
Machicek, J. A., Blaser, B. C., Darapuneni, M., & Rhoades, M. B. (2019). Harvesting Regimes Affect Brown Midrib Sorghum-Sudangrass and Brown Midrib Pearl Millet Forage Production and Quality. Agronomy, 9(416), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080416
Mahfouz, H., Mohamed Ali, A. M., Megawer, E. A., & Mahmoud, A. S. (2015). Response of Growth Parameters , Forage Quality and Yield of Dual-Purpose Sorghum to Re-Growth and Different Levels of FYM and N Fertilizers in New Reclaimed Soil. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(11), 762–782.
Mir, S. A. (2009). Extraction of NOx and determination of nitrate by acid reduction in water, soil, excreta, feed, vegetables and plant materials. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 13(3), 57–63.
https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v13i3.55365
Neilson, E. H., Edwards, A. M., Blomstedt, C. K., Berger, B., Møller, B. L., & Gleadow, R. M. (2015). Utilization of a high-throughput shoot imaging system to examine the dynamic phenotypic responses of a C4 cereal crop plant to nitrogen and water deficiency over time. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(7), 1817–1832. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru526
Nielsen, K. A., Tattersall, D. B., Jones, P. R., & Møller, B. L. (2008). Metabolon formation in dhurrin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry, 69(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.033
Ogbaga, C. C., Stepien, P., Dyson, B. C., Rattray, N. J. W., Ellis, D. I., Goodacre, R., & Johnson, G. N. (2016). Biochemical analyses of sorghum varieties reveal differential responses to drought. PLOS ONE, 11(5), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154423
Patel, P. A. S., Alagundagi, S. C., & Salakinkop, S. R. (2013). The anti-nutritional factors in forages - A review. Current Biotica, 6(4), 516–526.
Rajasokkappan, S., Rajan, T., & Raghavendran, V. B. (2020). Sorghum poisoning in a cow and it’s successful management. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 9(7), 164–165.
https://doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2020.v9.i7Sc.4956
Shehab, A. A., Yao, L., Wei, L., Wang, D., Li, Y., Zhang, X., & Guo, Y. (2020). The increased hydrocyanic acid in drought-stressed sorghums could be alleviated by plant growth regulators. Crop and Pasture Science, 71(5), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP20057
Sher, A., Ansar, M., Manaf, A., Qayyum, A., Saeed, M. F., & Irfan, M. (2014). Hydrocyanic acid and sugar content dynamics under nitrogen and sulphur application to forage sorghum cultivars. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.82278
Sowiński, J., & Głąb, L. (2018). The effect of nitrogen fertilization management on yield and nitrate contents in sorghum biomass and bagasse. Field Crops Research, 227, 132–143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.08.006
Staggenborg, S. (2019). Forage and renewable sorghum end uses. In  Ciampitti I. A., Vara Prasad P. V. (Eds.), Sorghum: A state of the Art and future perspetives, Vol. 58. Chapter 20.
Vinutha, K. S., Anil Kumar, G. S., Blümmel, M., & Srinivasa Rao, P. (2017). Evaluation of yield and forage quality in main and ratoon crops of different sorghum lines. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales, 5(1), 40–49.
https://doi.org/10.17138/TGFT(5)40-49