The effect of physical and chemical treatments on runoff, infiltration and soil loss

Document Type : Full Article

Authors

Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran

Abstract

ABSTRACT- In recent years, intensive drought has caused a severe yield reduction in rain-fed trees. Increasing runoff of low amount rainfall can be used to provide partial water requirement of rain-fed trees. To achieve this objective, some strategies including gravel removal (G), rill construction across to slope (R) and applying of baking soda (S) and their effects on runoff, rainfall infiltration and soil loss were simulated by a laboratory rainfall simulator under 33 mm h-1 intensity in 60 minutes. The results showed that the combination of R+, G- and S+ significantly increase the soil loss, runoff, and runoff coefficient 14.43, 2.74 and 1.59 and decrease rainfall threshold and infiltration 2.1 and 1.57 times compared to the control, respectively. Separately, S+, R+ and G- were the most effective in the runoff enhancement (31.2, 29.3 and 22%) and in infiltration reduction (8.4, 7 and 5%), respectively. S+ had the most effect on soil loss due to dispersion of soil surface. Furthermore, the effect of R+ was more visible than G- in increasing the soil loss. Applying sodium bicarbonate (S) increased the sodium in runoff and sediment, but there were no salinity (EC= 0.51-0.60 dS m-1) and sodicity (SAR= 0.34-0.73) hazard in runoff. In saturated extract of sediment, the salinity (EC= 1.75-2.23 dS m-1) and sodium (SAR= 1.96-3.45) hazard were relatively high and low, respectively. Although, chemical treatments (S) did not show the sodicity hazard very much, the use of S must be considered carefully.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [Persian]

مطالعه اثر تیمار های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک بر رواناب، نفوذ و هدر رفت خاک

Authors [Persian]

  • حسین پرویزی
  • علیرضا سپاس‏خواه
بخش آبیاری، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ج. ا. ایران.
Abstract [Persian]

چکیده- در سال های اخیر خشکسالی های شدید، سبب کاهش چشمگیر محصول انجیر دیم شده است. افزایش رواناب حاصل از بارندگی های اندک می تواند برای تامین بخشی از نیاز آبی درختان انجیر دیم استفاده شود. برای رسیدن به این هدف استراتژی های مختلفی شامل عملیات فیزیکی حذف سنگریزه از خاک (G) و ایجاد شیار (R) و عملیات شیمیایی افزودن ماده شیمیایی بی کربنات سدیم (S) و تاثیر آن ها بر رواناب، نفوذ و هدر رفت خاک توسط دستگاه شبیه ساز باران در آزمایشگاه و تحت شدت 33 میلی متر بر ساعت و به مدت 60 دقیقه شبیه سازی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که نسبت به تیمار شاهد ترکیب سه استراتژی به طور معنا داری هدر رفت، رواناب و ضریب رواناب را به ترتیب 43/14، 74/2 و 59/1 برابر افزایش و حد آستانه بارش و نفوذ را 1/2 و 57/1 برابر کاهش می دهد. موثرترین استراتژی ها بر افزایش رواناب به ترتیب (%2/31)  S، (%3/29)R  و (%22)  Gو بر کاهش نفوذ (%4/8)  S، (%7)R  و (%5)  Gبودند. استراتژی افزایش ماده شیمیایی به دلیل ایجاد پراکنش ذرات سطحی خاک بیشترین تاثیر بر هدر رفت خاک را نشان داد. همچنین تاثیر شیار بر هدر رفت خاک بیشتر از حذف سنگریز بود. افزایش ماده شیمیایی باعث افزایش سدیم در رواناب و رسوب گردید اما این افزایش باعث خطر شوری (EC= 0.051-0.060 S m-1) و سدیمی شدن (SAR= 0.34-0.73) در رواناب نگردید. همچنین در عصاره اشباع رسوب خطر شوری (EC= 0.175-0.223 S m-1) و سدیمی شدن (SAR= 1.96-3.45) وجود نداشت. به طور کلی، اگر چه خطر سدیمی شدن در استفاده از ماده شیمیایی بی کربنات سدیم دیده نشد اما استفاده از آن باید با جانب احتیاط همراه باشد.

Keywords [Persian]

  • واژه های کلیدی:
  • بی کربنات سدیم
  • حذف سنگریزه
  • شبیه ساز باران
  • ایجاد شیار
  • ضریب رواناب

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