Shiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Physiological, biochemical, and grain yield responses of wheat cultivars to Azospirillum brasilense under dryland conditionsواکنش فیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و عملکرد دانه ارقام گندم به Azospirillum brasilense در شرایط دیم110805210.22099/iar.2025.49969.1589ENZohrehKarimiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, I. R. IranMohammad JavadZareaDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, I. R. IranArashFazeliDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, I. R. IranBatoolZareiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, I. R. IranJournal Article20240421The combined use of improved wheat cultivars and growth-promoting bacteria offers a promising strategy for enhancing wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum </em>L.) performance under dryland conditions. This study evaluated the response of different wheat cultivars to inoculation with <em>Azospirillum brasilense</em> Sp7 in a field setting. The experiment was conducted during the 2021–2022 growing season at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, under rainfed conditions. A factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design was used, with three replications. The treatments included <em>Azospirillum</em> inoculation (with and without) as the main factor, and four wheat cultivars (Ivan, Sardari, Homa, and Azar 2) as subplots. The bacterial inoculant was applied to seeds prior to sowing. Physiological and biochemical traits were measured at the late flowering stage (Zadoks stage 69), including proline content, leaf relative water content (LRWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), photosynthetic pigment levels, net CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate (Pn), leaf temperature (Lt), and transpiration rate (Tr). The results showed that seed inoculation did not significantly influence proline accumulation. However, chlorophyll content was the highest in the Ivan cultivar when inoculated. Inoculated plants also exhibited reduced electrolyte leakage compared to non-inoculated controls. LRWC, Pn, and Tr were significantly influenced by both cultivar and bacterial inoculation. Across cultivars, <em>Azospirillum</em> inoculation led to increases in LRWC (13.7%), Pn (16.1%), and Tr (24.3%). Additionally, grain nitrogen and protein content varied among cultivars and responded positively to <em>Azospirillum</em> inoculation. https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8052_4b7b7f01963d5398103796d5f051fb1f.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Exploring the influence of different Froriepia subpinnata drying methods on its essential oils components1122806410.22099/iar.2025.51284.1637ENSaeedSedaghatDepartment of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan I. R. IranMaryamHaghighiDepartment of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan I. R. IranJournal Article20241002Anarijeh (<em>Froriepia subpinnata</em>) is a species in the Apiaceae family, endemic to northern Iran, where it is widely distributed. In this study, we subjected the aerial parts of Anarijeh to various drying methods, including sun drying, shade drying, oven drying at 45 and 65 °C, microwave drying, and freeze drying. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted from both fresh and dried samples using hydro-distillation and analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that oven drying at 45 °C (2.83%), oven drying at 65 °C (2.81%), sun drying (2.79%), and shade drying (2.74%) produced the highest EOs yields. In contrast, freeze-dried (1.42%), microwave-dried (1.39%), and fresh (1.34%) samples yielded lower percentages. A total of 53 components were identified in the EOs, with the major compounds being p-cymen-7-ol (10.3–19.95%), durenol (20.49–28.88%), and terpinolene (5.63–20.47%). These findings suggest that oven drying may be a suitable method for processing Anarijeh aerial parts, offering both shorter drying times and higher EOs yields. However, as no statistical analyses were conducted, we cannot definitively conclude that the differences between oven drying and shade drying are significant.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8064_01509df179687c7fce52a86a0d3be098.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Effect of different drying methods on physicochemical characteristics of sardines (Sardinella longiceps) incorporated with turmeric extract (Curcuma longa L.) for shelf-life extension2332807210.22099/iar.2025.50154.1594ENMarziehMoosavi-NasabDepartment of Food Science and Technology and Seafood Processing Research Center, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranMehdiAziziniaDepartment of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranMehrdadNiakousariDepartment of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranMohammad-TaghiGolmakaniDepartment of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranNajmehOliyaeiDepartment of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranJournal Article20240507In this study, effects of different drying methods, temperatures, and addition of turmeric extract on the quality of sardine (<em>Sardinella longiceps</em>) were investigated. Drying methods included sun drying, cabinet thin layer drying (CTL) at 60, 70, and 80 °C, and CTL combined with turmeric extract (CTE) at 70 °C. The study monitored parameters, such as peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and color over a three-month period. Increased drying temperature led to the unfavorable changes in fish quality and lipid oxidation. PV, TBA, and TVB-N values increased with sun drying and CTL at 80 °C. Turmeric extract, known for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, was used to enhance the quality and shelf-life of dried fish. Results showed significant improvement in all parameters except TVB-N. The extract also inhibited fatty acid oxidation, and CTE dried fish had better microbial quality at the end of the storage period (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Overall, the combination of turmeric extract and drying methods successfully improved the quality of dried sardines. https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8072_86c7b1bd0a46be725abcd54dfbd76a64.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Effects of some functional parameters on noise pollution of John Deere 3350 and New Holland 155 tractorsتاثیر برخی پارامترهای عملکردی بر آلودگی صوتی تراکتورهای جان دیر 3350 و نیوهلند 1553341807310.22099/iar.2025.51391.1639ENBabakMoradvandDepartment of Mechanical Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, I. R. IranLeilaNaderlooDepartment of Mechanical Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, I. R. IranHosseinJavadikiaDepartment of Mechanical Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, I. R. IranKamranKheiralipourDepartment of Mechanical Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Science, Ilam University, Ilam, I. R. IranJournal Article20241009In this study, noise pollution from the John Deere 3350 and New Holland 155 tractors was measured at three operator-related positions: 10 cm from the driver’s ear and at distances of 7.5 and 20 m from the tractor centerline, as they traveled over asphalt and soil surfaces. Measurements were conducted under three engine speeds (1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm) and three gear settings (gears 1, 2, and 3), with three replications for each condition. Data were analyzed using a factorial test within a completely randomized design. Results indicated that noise levels increased with higher engine speeds and gear settings on both surfaces. The main factors had a statistically significant effect on noise emission levels in both tractors at the 1% probability level. For the John Deere 3350, noise levels at the driver’s ear position exceeded the standard limit of 85 dB (A) at all gear and speed combinations on asphalt, except for 1st gear at 1000 rpm. The New Holland 155 exhibited lower noise levels at the driver’s ear compared to the John Deere 3350, likely due to the presence of an enclosed cab.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8073_e61a076d00854f0d8340f29c97bc7889.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Changes in shear strength parameters in two cultivations and soil ordersتغییرات پارامترهای مقاومت برشی در دو کشت و راسته خاک4252807510.22099/iar.2025.51490.1641ENSoheila SadatHashemiDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, I. R. IranZahraKhedriDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, I. R. IranHanieAbbaslouEnvironmental and Civil Engineering Department, Civil Engineering College, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, I. R. IranJournal Article20241026Soil shear strength is a fundamental mechanical property that influences various soil behaviors and interactions during tillage. Continuous cultivation can significantly alter soil mechanical properties, including shear strength. This study aimed to investigate changes in shear strength parameters in soils cultivated with sugar beet and canola. Eight soil profiles were excavated in fields planted with these two crops in the Gyan Plain, selected based on land suitability classifications. Each profile was described and sampled, and the physical and chemical properties of the soils were analyzed as predictors of surface shear strength across all horizons. Shear strength parameters were determined using the standard direct shear test, from which stress–shear curves were generated to calculate cohesion and internal friction angle. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between cohesion and soil organic matter (r = 0.35, <em>P</em> < 0.05), while no significant relationship was found with clay content. Cohesion showed significant negative correlations with specific density (r = –0.37, <em>P</em> < 0.05) and internal friction angle (r = –0.70, <em>P</em> < 0.01). The angle of internal friction exhibited a significant positive correlation with both soil depth (r = 0.35, <em>P</em> < 0.05) and specific density (r = 0.56, <em>P</em> < 0.01), but a significant negative correlation with organic matter (r = –0.56, <em>P</em> < 0.01) and moisture content (r = –0.62, <em>P</em> < 0.01). Regression analysis confirmed a negative correlation between cohesion and the internal friction angle, with an R² of 0.53. The results indicated that shear stress was higher in soils under sugar beet cultivation compared to those under canola, while the modulus of elasticity (E) was greater in canola-cultivated soils. Overall, this study identified crop type and root system, soil moisture, specific density, organic matter content, and soil developmental stage as key factors influencing soil shear strength. To improve soil shear strength, it is recommended to adopt crop rotation strategies and avoid monoculture systems.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8075_6d9ae28bfd771cf4761a96e1878dcbef.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401A behavioral model of greenhouse owners in healthy crop production: The case of Kerman provinceمدل یابی رفتار گلخانه داران در تولید محصول سالم (مورد مطالعه: استان کرمان)5365807810.22099/iar.2025.51506.1643ENMohsenAdeli SardooeiDepartment of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Jiroft University, Jiroft, I. R. IranSamiraBehroozehDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranLatifHajiDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranJournal Article20241025Increasing agricultural production in greenhouses is vital to meet the demands of a growing global population. However, this expansion is often accompanied by environmental challenges and product contamination resulting from the excessive use of agricultural inputs. In response, there is a growing global interest in greenhouse products with lower contamination and improved health attributes. This study aims to examine the psychological factors influencing Iranian agricultural greenhouse owners’ intentions to produce healthy products, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the analytical framework. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, which was validated for content, structural, and discriminant validity, and assessed for composite reliability. Hypothesis testing was conducted using SmartPLS 3 software. The findings revealed that while greenhouse owners expressed positive intentions and a sense of responsibility toward healthy production, actual implementation remained limited. The psychological constructs assessed in the model accounted for 44% of the variance in owners’ intentions to produce healthy products. These results suggest that fostering sustainable behavior requires enhancing intrinsic motivation and strengthening behavioral intentions. Accordingly, policies and educational programs should prioritize strategies that reinforce the commitment of greenhouse owners to healthy and sustainable production practices. The insights gained from this study can inform policymakers, agricultural extension agents, and researchers seeking to promote more sustainable agricultural systems.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8078_6822c45df3fa0740005431c5ccaf5527.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Modeling non-Newtonian liquid viscosity: Impact of temperature and concentration on the rate of occupied area variation6677808210.22099/iar.2025.51629.1648ENSeyed MehdiNassiriDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranRaminRahmanyDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranMohammad AminNematollahiDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran0000-0001-5780-2723Journal Article20241108The rheological behaviors of liquid and semi-solid foods during production processes play a critical role in the design and optimization of processing equipment. Consequently, continuous monitoring of properties such as the viscosity of non-Newtonian liquids is essential in food processing industries. To address this need, the present study explores the feasibility of using image processing techniques to estimate the apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids. Both regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed to interpret the measured data. The regression models yielded coefficients of determination (R²) ranging from 0.96 to 1.00, with average absolute estimation errors between 0.02% and 15.27%. Additionally, two ANN architectures, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF), were evaluated for their predictive performance. The high correlation coefficients achieved during both training and testing phases indicate the strong predictive capability of these models. Overall, the findings support the use of image processing, specifically through analysis of surface area variations, as a viable and accurate approach for estimating the apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian liquids in food processing applications.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8082_db1076cbe004a63fcfa24c6d2189143d.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Enrichment of pasta by green algae Enteromorpha intestinalis: Nutritional, antioxidant, cooking quality, textural, and sensory characteristics7888808410.22099/iar.2025.50344.1607ENHaniyehPoorghasemFisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, I. R. IranAriaBabakhaniFisheries Department and Department of Marine Sciences, Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, I. R. IranHaniyehRostamzadFisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, I. R. IranAlirezaHodhodiFisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, I. R. IranJournal Article20240617Pasta, made from semolina flour, is widely consumed due to its ease of cooking, consumption, and transportation. This study explores the potential of enriching pasta with varying amounts of green algae (<em>Enteromorpha intestinalis</em>). Pasta samples containing 5%, 10%, and 15% algae powder were compared to a control sample in terms of nutritional content, antioxidant properties, cooking quality parameters, textural attributes, and sensory characteristics. The results showed that pasta with 15% algae powder had the highest protein content (<em>P</em> < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in moisture and ash content among the samples (<em>P≥</em> 0.05). Antioxidant evaluations, including total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant activity, demonstrated that increasing algae concentration enhanced the pasta’s antioxidant properties. All samples met standard ranges for cooking loss rate, optimum cooking time, water absorption, and swelling index. While no significant difference in stiffness was found among the raw samples (<em>P≥</em> 0.05), the cooked control pasta exhibited the highest firmness (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Sensory analysis of eight factors revealed that pasta with 10% algae powder received the highest overall evaluation. Ultimately, the incorporation of <em>E. intestinalis</em> algae powder proved beneficial, enhancing the nutritional value, chemical composition, and sensory properties of the pasta.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8084_496ac59578d1882037065067913b4f30.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401The impacts of earlier flowering on grain yield of winter wheat cultivars under semi-arid conditions89102808810.22099/iar.2025.52009.1661ENMaryamJahani DoghozlouDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranYahyaEmamDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranAfshinZamaniDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. IranJournal Article20241228The timing of wheat anthesis, often coinciding with late-season drought stress, can significantly reduce grain number and yield. Field and greenhouse experiments conducted at Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, during the 2019–2021 growing seasons investigated how early flowering may mitigate yield reduction. The study aimed to assess the impact of phenological timing on yield components and overall yield performance. Ten widely adopted cultivars, introduced over the past five decades, were used. The high-yielding cultivars (Baharan, Sirvan, and Chamran) exhibited significantly more grains per spike and a greater biological yield. This increased phytomass production was accompanied by a higher harvest index. Stem elongation began earlier in the superior cultivars, while cultivars with extended flowering periods (Navid, Bayat, and Shiraz) had the lowest grain yield. Floret development monitoring revealed that floret degradation occurred earlier and lasted longer in low-yielding cultivars, beginning from the yellow anther stage. In contrast, high-yielding cultivars experienced a shorter floret abortion period, from heading to anthesis. In semi-arid regions, early flowering and reduced floret abortion periods may enhance grain yield. Unlocking the full potential of superior cultivars requires a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanisms driving early flowering in these varieties.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8088_2c7489e33dbf2d4ff1ce367d406993c6.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Effective factors on flood occurrence using the system dynamics approach (Case study: Eskandari watershed-Isfahan, Iran)103118809610.22099/iar.2025.52383.1671ENAliTalebiFaculty of Natural Resources, Yazd UniversityDepartment of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, I. R. IranZahraEslamiFaculty of Natural ReDepartment of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, I. R. Iransources, Yazd UniversityYahyaZare MehrjardiIndustrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, I. R. IranZeinabKarimiDepartment of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, I. R. IranJournal Article20250203This study investigates the key factors influencing flood behavior through system dynamics modeling. Initially, the HEC-HMS model was employed to estimate flood levels across sub-basins due to its well-established capacity to simulate hydrological processes and quantify runoff within watershed areas. Its ability to integrate critical parameters, such as land cover and soil permeability, which influence the curve number (CN) and its relationship with runoff and slope, makes HEC-HMS particularly suitable for flood risk assessment. After identifying these relationships, system dynamics modeling was conducted using Vensim to simulate flood dynamics. Vensim’s capability to model complex systems, especially feedback loops and nonlinear interactions among multiple variables, enabled a comprehensive representation of the interdependencies among flood-related factors. Sensitivity analysis highlighted land cover as the most significant variable affecting flood behavior. To evaluate its impact, two rainfall scenarios were analyzed: a 26.75 mm event on January 3, 2011, affecting 30% of the watershed, and an 18 mm event on February 20, 2011, covering 20% of the area. The analysis revealed that precipitation, land cover, watershed size, slope, and soil permeability were the primary drivers of flooding. This study demonstrates the value of combining HEC-HMS and system dynamics modeling to predict floods, particularly in data-scarce watersheds. The integration of these tools facilitates the formulation of mathematical relationships among key hydrological variables, thereby enhancing our understanding and management of flood risks.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8096_045eb8700401421e0941595259878483.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Impacts of temperature and storage duration on the stability of Salvia officinalis and Satureja hortensis essential oilsتأثیر دما و مدت زمان نگهداری، بر پایداری ترکیبات اسانس های مریم گلی (Salvia officinalis) و مرزه تابستانی (Satureja hortensis)119130810410.22099/iar.2025.51596.1646ENShararehNajafianDepartment of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R IranMehdiHosseinifarahiDepartment of Horticultural Science, Yas. C., Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, I. R. IranSeyedeh FaribaMohammadian YasujDepartment of Horticultural Science, Yas. C., Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, I. R. IranJournal Article20241105Environmental storage conditions play a crucial role in determining both the quantity and quality of active compounds in medicinal and aromatic plants. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of various storage conditions on the stability of essential oil constituents in these plants. A factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments included three storage temperatures: room temperature (21 ± 3 °C), freezer temperature (−18 ± 2 °C), and refrigerator temperature (3 °C), combined with four storage durations: T1 (immediately after distillation), T2 (after one month), T3 (after two months), and T4 (after three months). Two Lamiaceae species, <em>Salvia officinalis</em> and <em>Satureja hortensis</em>, were selected for the experiment. Plant samples were dried in air and shade, and essential oils were extracted via hydrodistillation. The essential oils were then analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis revealed a significant reduction in carvacrol and a notable increase in γ-terpinene in <em>Satureja hortensis</em> across all three temperature conditions. In <em>Salvia officinalis</em>, key compounds such as cis-thujone, trans-thujone, camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and camphene exhibited a generally stable trend. Although some fluctuations in these compounds were observed after three months of storage, the variations across temperature treatments were not statistically significant. In conclusion, room temperature appears to be the most cost-effective storage condition, preserving essential oil stability effectively over a three-month period. This was particularly evident in <em>Salvia officinalis</em>, which retained its major constituents under all storage conditions. These findings support the use of these essential oils in the medical, cosmetic, health, and food industries.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8104_7524fe8d768a1a6b37a7ffc38eb2c6fe.pdfShiraz UniversityIran Agricultural Research1013-988544120250401Evaluation of anesthetic potency of peppermint extract (Mentha piperita) and its physiological and histological effects on the Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) juveniles131142811410.22099/iar.2025.52182.1664ENSaraValiDepartment of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. IranMohammadMazandaraniDepartment of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. IranMohammadSudagarDepartment of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. IranMohammad RezaImanpoorDepartment of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, I. R. Iran0009-0003-8214-412XJournal Article20250115<strong>ABSTRACT-</strong> Anesthesia is a practical method for reducing stress in aquatic organisms. This study assessed the effectiveness of peppermint extract as an herbal anesthetic, along with its physiological and histopathological effects on Persian sturgeon (<em>Acipenser persicus</em>). Ninety fish were exposed to peppermint extract at concentrations of 0, 150, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/L. To evaluate the effects of the solvent, an additional 75 fish were exposed to ethanol at concentrations of 450, 750, 1500, 2250, and 3000 mg/L. Ethanol exposure did not produce significant anesthesia, physiological changes, or tissue damage (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Peppermint extract successfully induced general anesthesia, particularly at concentrations between 300 and 500 mg/L, with both induction and recovery times averaging under five minutes. However, concentrations above 500 mg/L led to hematological changes and moderate tissue damage. Observed lesions included gill hyperplasia, congestion, epithelial lifting, liver degeneration and vacuolization, and necrosis in kidney tubules. Hematological analysis showed significant increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, indicating possible stress or respiratory impairment, while red blood cell and white blood cell counts remained unchanged compared to the controls. A concentration of 150 mg/L was effective in reducing stress, while 300–500 mg/L is recommended for achieving optimal anesthesia.https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8114_6db5be435300645172f1bb9a5a585d35.pdf