2021-10-13T18:32:37Z https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=671

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 K. Maghsoudi Y. Emam ABSTRACT- Seed germination and early seedling growth are critical stages for plants establishment and production, particularly under salinity conditions. Exogenous application of silicon (Si) can enhance germination as well as seedling growth. In this experiment, the effect of priming with Si (0, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mM sodium silicate) on seed germination and seedling growth under NaCl (0, 100 and 150 mM) conditions was studied in two wheat cultivars of Kavir (salt tolerant) and Shiraz (salt sensitive). The experiment was designed as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in the laboratoryof college of Agriculture, Shiraz University, in 2012. Results showed that seed priming by Si improved germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, shoot and root length and seedling dry weight in both stress and non-stress conditions. Moreover, Si increased K+ uptake and K+/Na+ ratio and decreased Na+ content of cultivars with the effect of 2.25 mM being more pronounced. On the contrary, salt stress reduced the above traits andK+ uptake and K+/Na+ ratio and increased mean germination timeand Na+ uptake in both cultivars with the negative effects of 150 mMNaCl being more severe. However, the tolerant cultivar (Kavir) accumulated less Na+ and more K+ and had greater K+/Na+ ratio compared to non-tolerant cultivar (Shiraz). Although the salinity adversely affected seed germination and seedling growth in both cultivars, Kavir (tolerant cultivar) was less affected. It was concluded that priming with Si may promote germination and subsequent seedling growth of wheat cultivars under salinity conditions by reducing Na+ in favor of K+ accumulation. Keywords: Wheat Silicon Salinity Germination Seedling growth 2016 09 22 1 8 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3712_4d5a570113b7450828d2e77b4090f713.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 hossein parvizi A.R. Sepaskhah ABSTRACT- In recent years, intensive drought has caused a severe yield reduction in rain-fed trees. Increasing runoff of low amount rainfall can be used to provide partial water requirement of rain-fed trees. To achieve this objective, some strategies including gravel removal (G), rill construction across to slope (R) and applying of baking soda (S) and their effects on runoff, rainfall infiltration and soil loss were simulated by a laboratory rainfall simulator under 33 mm h-1 intensity in 60 minutes. The results showed that the combination of R+, G- and S+ significantly increase the soil loss, runoff, and runoff coefficient 14.43, 2.74 and 1.59 and decrease rainfall threshold and infiltration 2.1 and 1.57 times compared to the control, respectively. Separately, S+, R+ and G- were the most effective in the runoff enhancement (31.2, 29.3 and 22%) and in infiltration reduction (8.4, 7 and 5%), respectively. S+ had the most effect on soil loss due to dispersion of soil surface. Furthermore, the effect of R+ was more visible than G- in increasing the soil loss. Applying sodium bicarbonate (S) increased the sodium in runoff and sediment, but there were no salinity (EC= 0.51-0.60 dS m-1) and sodicity (SAR= 0.34-0.73) hazard in runoff. In saturated extract of sediment, the salinity (EC= 1.75-2.23 dS m-1) and sodium (SAR= 1.96-3.45) hazard were relatively high and low, respectively. Although, chemical treatments (S) did not show the sodicity hazard very much, the use of S must be considered carefully. Keywords: Baking soda Gravel removal Rainfall simulator Rill construction Runoff coefficient 2016 09 22 9 18 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3745_3fb51200aab8c4a324d01b4b7f91b872.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 Mehdi Zarei Z. Paymaneh A. Ronaghi ABSTRACT-Water stress is the main cause for crop yield reduction in the majority of agricultural regions of the world because it affects almost all plant functions. The effects of Glomus mosseae on growth, nutrients uptake, and antioxidant enzymes of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and rough lemon) Citrus jambheri) rootstocks were assessed in sterilized soil under greenhouse conditions.  A three-factor experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replicates of each treatment. Treatments consisted of water stress at four levels (irrigation intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days) and mycorrhizal treatments at two levels (inoculation with G. mosseae and non-mycorrhizal control). Mycorrhizal seedlings of two citrus rootstocks were successfully infected by G. mosseae. As water stress increased, root colonization, shoot dry weight, shoot N, P, Mn, Cu, and Fe uptake of two citrus rootstocks significantly decreased but shoot Zn uptake and the antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (G-POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] activities of two citrus rootstocks leaves increased. With inoculation of seedlings by G. mosseae compared with control, shoot dry weight, N and P uptake, and antioxidant enzymes activities increased. It may be concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation notably influenced shoot nutrients uptake and leaves antioxidant enzymes activities in citrus and an increase in these parameters alleviated water stress. Keywords: Citrus Nutrients uptake antioxidant enzymes water stress Glomus mosseae 2016 09 22 19 26 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3750_2508005f48e3d2988d2cc14ebc119208.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 A. Fararooei S. Amin Masoud Noshadi S. M. Taghavi A. Niazi ABSTRACT- Aerobic biodegradation is an environmental-friendly biological method that allows micro organisms to remove persistent organic pollutants. Aroclor1254 is a mixed compound containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) along with persistent organic materials. There is no estimate of Aroclor1254 usage and its release into the environment in Iran. A transformer manufacturing plant in Shiraz (located in southwest of Iran) uses transformer oils containing Aroclor1254. Soil samples contaminated by transformer oil were taken from the manufacturing plant’s site and were tested for the presence of certain bacteria, level of degradation and pH. In all samples, 13 bacterial strains were isolated on C-media, and their growth was measured using a spectrophotometer. Of the isolated strains, eight could degrade Aroclor1254. Of these eight strains, three showed weak growth (OD between 0.1 to 0.195), three showed low growth (OD between 0.2 to 0.3) and two showed good growth (OD between 0.3 to 0.5). Some of the strains grew well during the first week, but their growth decreased and eventually stopped in the second week. For all the growth media on which the bacteria from the soil was separated and cultured, pH decreased as the bacterial growth increased. For some media, in which bacterial growth had stopped, pH increased after 14 or 21 days but it was always below 7.0. This indicated that environmental pH or increasing carbon dioxide levels were not suitable for the growth of these strains. However, this trend was not observed in bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Curtobacterium and Burkholderia. These bacteria could grow and degrade Aroclor1254 even at pH of 4.5. In fact, their degradation efficiency increased at a constant pH of about 5.5. Keywords: Aroclor1254 Biodegradation Burkholderia Curtobacterium C-media pH Pseudomonas 2016 09 22 27 34 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3762_f7d246d24509532e6b8baf68b48b0955.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 elham malekzadeh H. A. Alikhani G. R. SavaghebiFiroozabadi M. Zarei ABSTRACT- A pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of single and co-inoculation of maize plant with Bacillus mycoides and Micrococcus roseus, indigenous to HMs contaminated soils, on the plant growth and uptake of essential nutrients and Ni by maize in the soil polluted by 250 and 500 mg Ni kg-1. At each level of Ni contamination, shoot dry weight and nutrients uptake significantly increased in M. roseus and B. mycoides treatments compared to non-inoculated plants. The highest plant growth promoting effect was found for B. mycoides at the level of 250 mg Ni kg-1 and for M. roseus at the level of 500 mg Ni kg-1 which enhanced plant biomass by 33.2% and 90%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated plants. At the levels of 250 and 500 mg Ni kg-1, shoot Ni uptake of plants inoculated with B. mycoides or M. roseus significantly increased compared to non-inoculated plants. Root Ni uptake of plants inoculated with B. mycoides and M. roseus significantly decreased at the level of 250 mg Ni kg-1 and increased at the level of 500 mg Ni kg-1 compared to control plants. The lowest Ni transfer factor and maximum Ni translocation factor were in plants inoculated with B. mycoides at the level of 250 mg Ni kg-1 and in non-inoculated plants at the levels of 500 mg Ni kg-1. Inoculation of plants with B. mycoides and M. roseus may be the effective treatments in Ni phytoextraction at the levels of 250 and 500 mg Ni kg-1, respectively. Consortium of two bacteria had the lowest plant dry matter and shoots and roots Ni uptake and the maximum transfer factor compared to other treatments at the level of 500 mg Ni kg-1 that may be the effective treatment in Ni phytostabilization. Keywords: Maize Nickle Ni-resistant rhizobacteria Nutrients uptake 2016 09 22 35 40 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3767_cbd867c93583a56e86d1bc26caa0def8.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 Mohammad Rezvani A. Akhlaghi F. Saemi M.M. Ommati M. Dadpasand H. Atashi ABSTRACT- Ninety six 2-week-old British United Turkeys (BUT) Big 6 were assigned to 2 groups (4 replicates of 12 birds each). One basal diet and another one in which 20% canola meal replaced the corn starch in the basal diet were prepared. At 9, 16 and 21 wk of age, four birds from each pen slaughtered for digesta collection. The last two-third segment of the intestine, between the Meckel’s diverticulum and about 2 cm anterior to the ileo-ceca-colonic junction, was excised. The diets and digesta were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, and chromic oxide content. The standardized prececal protein digestibility of canola meal was calculated using multiple linear regression procedure. The standardized prececal protein digestibility of canola meal at 21 wk of age was significantly lower as compared with that of 9 wk of age; the relative weight of digestive organs also decreased significantly with increasing age (P< 0.05). By using multiple linear regression which accounted for the endogenous nitrogen losses, we showed that standardized prececal protein digestibility was also influenced by the age. Keywords: standardized prececal protein digestibility multiple linear regression canola meal British United Turkeys Big 6 2016 09 22 41 46 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3771_b8b0dbea0cbf0d6098370271a83df044.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 M.A. Hormozi A. Abdeshahi M. A. Asoodar D.C. Baruah ABSTRACT- Energy use patterns and the contribution of energy input vary among farming systems. The optimal use of improved farm machinery coupled with the optimal use of other recommended sources permit an increase in paddy yield up to potential levels. In order to determine the effect of production systems on energy use efficiency focusing on mechanization for paddy production in Khuzestan province, a survey was conducted in the fourth largest rice producing region of Iran. The data were collected by interviewing the farmers using a questionnaire through two-staged cluster sampling of 295 households from these two regions covered farm operations over the period 2009-2010. The surveyed households were grouped into five categories based on the method of crop planting and drainage conditions. The energy input of paddy production systems ranged from 55,000 to 180,000 mega joules per hectare. This high amount of energy applied to paddy production in Khuzestan province is mainly due to the high amount of energy consumed by pumping water. This critical operation led to energy ratios below one for systems recognized as more mechanized. Energy consumption through diesel and electricity which was used for irrigation purposes and machinery operations was the maximum (up to 93%). The second highest energy input source was chemical fertilizer which consumed 4 to 57% of the total energy input. An operation-wise energy use analysis revealed that harvesting and tillage operations are important consumers of energy in paddy production. The rice crop showed a low energy ratio and energy productivity, indicating an energy-expensive crop under the conditions prevailing in the province.  Keywords: paddy energy productivity operational energy production systems 2016 09 22 47 56 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3779_83e8410ef54c04b0214afdc06c25108f.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 M. MousaviNik Abolfazl Jowkar A. RahimianBoogar ABSTRACT- Improper seed germination is a serious challenge for medicinal herbs under drought stress conditions in semi-arid and arid regions. A new group of plant growth regulators known as karrikins have been proved useful to improve seed germination in some plants. In this regard, the effects of karrikin on seed germination and vigor of three medicinals under drought stress were examined. Seeds of Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, and Cuminum cyminum L. were sowed under drought treatments (-1, -1.5, -2 and -2.5 MPa of PEG 6000), with and without synthetic Karrikin GR24 (10µM). Results indicated increasing osmotic pressure seed germination characteristics were severely reduced; however, karrikin significantly increased the seed germination of the three herbs. The application of karrikin in all drought conditions significantly increased germination percentage, germination rate, germination index, seedling vigor, shoot length and radicle length of all herb seedlings. Ajwain (T. copticum) showed a greater drought tolerance compared to the other medicinal species. Keywords: Cuminum cyminum Foeniculum vulgare Seed vigor Strigolactone Trachyspermum copticum 2016 09 22 57 64 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3780_a70cfa86377e5cbe4ec5c5fe49dfeab3.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 Majid Lashgari R. MohammadiGol ABSTRACT- Firmness is one of the most important quality indicators for apple fruits, which is highly correlated with the storage time. The acoustic impulse response technique is one of the most commonly used nondestructive detection methods for evaluating apple firmness. This paper presents a non-destructive method for classification of Iranian apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golab) according to the duration of storage. Several data preprocessing methods were tested: normalization, detrending, Savitzky-Golay smoothing, first and second derivatives, multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate and moving average. It was observed that the maximum average Fβ value of classification on the test dataset (0.84) belongs to non-preprocessing. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) technique was performed to determine the key variables that explain most differences in the spectra. Seven principal components were used to calibrate linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) classifiers. The classification accuracy for LDA and QDA models were about 80.56% and 83.33%, respectively. The results indicated that the acoustic impulse response method is potentially applicable for the detection of apple firmnes Keywords: Firmness Nondestructive method Preprocessing Principal Component Analysis 2016 09 22 65 70 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3799_6e8440a6570e95b1b69d75006966980f.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 K. JafariNaeimi R. Ahmadi M. DavariShamsabadi ABSTRACT- Drying has been used for the preservation of fruits since ancient times. Dried apricot reduces the damages, weight and volume losses, packaging space, storage and handling costs. In this paper, the effects of hot air dryer on an Iranian apricot cultivar ”Noori” have been investigated. The experiment was conducted at three temperatures (30, 40 and 50oC), three fruit thicknesses (5, 10 and 15 mm) and two pre-treatments (sulphur dioxide and water soluble sodium meta-bisulphite (Na2S2O5)). Based on the analysis of variance, the effects of temperature, thickness, pre-treatment and their interactions on drying time were significant (P<1%). It was revealed that water soluble  reduced drying time more than sulphur dioxide. The data was fitted to eight different mathematical models. Page model was determined as the best one to explain thin layer drying of apricots by comparing the coefficient of correlation determination(R), chi-square ( ) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and expected moisture ratios. Keywords: Mathematical modelling drying kinetics Page model 2016 09 22 71 78 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3800_a53e7cad2ee2b88e7392d0d7caf48431.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 M. Afsharmanesh K. Dahghani Z. Mehdipour ABSTRACT- This study was designed to investigate the effects of adding different levels of date presscakes (DP), with and without enzyme supplementation (ES), on the ileal digestibility and growth performance of broiler. A completely randomized design containing 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments (with and without enzyme supplementation and 5 levels of DP) was used. The enzyme complex contained 3500 U ß –glucanase, 600 U xylanase and 10.2 U cellulase activities per g of product. Five experimental diets with similar composition as the control were prepared by partial replacements of corn by DP at the levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg diet. Day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into 40 cages at random (4 replicates per treatment, 10 birds per cage). Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients were determined. Substitution of corn by 75 and 100g DP/kg increased (linear, P<0.05) the body weight gain and feed intake. Enzyme supplementation of the diets at 50, 75 and 100g DP/kg improved (P<0.05) the daily gain of birds as compared with the birds that were fed the control diet without enzyme. Enzyme supplementation at 0, 50 and 75 g DP/kg diet improved (P<0.05) the crude protein digestibility. The data indicated that DP with ES, included at the levels of up to 100g/kg diet might enhance the growth performance of broilers.. Keywords: Broiler Performance Presscakes Protein Digestibility 2016 09 22 79 87 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3847_a57db904ff5ae843d5bd4ccbb4a5d55f.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 Soheila Sadat Hashemi H. Abbaslou ABSTRACT- The present research was conducted to study K forms and fixation in soils of southern Iran (Hormozgan Province) with aridic and aridic-ustic regimes and to address the relations between soil mineralogy and potassium forms. Thirteen surface soil samples (0-25 cm) were collected from different regions and analyzed in laboratory. Illite and feldspar and mica are the major clay and soil minerals for K reservoir, respectively. Mean of non-exchangeable, exchangeable and total content of K were equal to 31.3, 283.9 and 1080.6 mg kg-1 soils, respectively. These forms of K were abundant in plateau and piedmont plain physiographical unites while the greatest amount of soluble potassium was observed in flood and alluvial plain units. Despite the aridity of the region with low clay fraction and unlike the previous studies in calcareous arid soils of Iran, the amount of potassium fixation in soils was high, probably due to the predominance of micaceous minerals. In an adsorption experiment, the average K adsorption in soils was 71 percent after adding 1000 mg K kg-1. In general, the most active component in the K fixation was the silt fraction, dominated mica and illite. Potassium fixation boosted after increasing the wetting and drying cycles in relation to the samples that did not suffer these cycles. Keywords: Illite Mineralogy Potassium forms 2016 09 22 88 95 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3849_d18281549c02ca4d8917dcb3b9351428.pdf

2016-09-22 10.22099

Iran Agricultural Research IAR 1013-9885 1013-9885 2016 35 2 A. Miri A. Gholamalizadeh Ahangar M. Ghorbani E. Shirmohammadi ABSTRACT- The increasing population and the pastures inability to meet food needs in livestock have led to the increase of cultivates forage plants. In order to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) extract on the growth and concentration of macronutrient and micronutrient contents of  forage sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), an experiment was conducted as factorial aaraned in a completely randomized design with six replications  at Research Greenhouse University of Zabol. The first factor was PGPR (included soil inoculated and non-inoculated (control) medium, and the second factor was alfalfa extract in three concentrations (0, 2 and 4 ppm). The results showed that increasing alfalfa extract concentration significantly increased total plant dry weight as well as the macro and micronutrient contents. The highest and lowest manganese contents were achieved in the 0.004 levels and control of alfalfa extracts, respectively. Copper content in 0.002 level of alfalfa extract showed a 15% increase compared to the control, with no significant difference with 0.004 of alfalfa extracts. PGPR application as growing substrate also significantly increased dry weight as well as manganese, copper and potassium contents of the plant. Also, there was no significant difference in iron content at level 4 per thousand of alfalfa extract in a substrate inoculated with PGPR compared to the non-inoculated substrate. Finally, it is recommended that the effect of alfalfa extract on yield and nutrient concentrations of other plants be examined in the future. Keywords: Alfalfa extract Dry weight Nutrients 2016 09 22 96 103 https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3850_1e3c27762eb8bd1537e905580bf8250e.pdf