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1 تعادل شکلهای پتاسیم در طول دوره رشد دو رقم کلزا در شرایط خشکی Potassium pools equilibration during growth stages of two rapeseed cultivars under drought stress https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4626.html 10.22099/iar.2017.4626 1 ABSTRACT- Different soil potassium (K) pools including soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable in surface and subsurface soils may be totally used by canola roots at different growth stages under drought conditions. A field experiment was conducted for one growing season (2013-2014) to study K pools changes during growth stages of two rapeseed cultivars under drought. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four factors including different stages of rapeseed growth (before planting, seedling, stem elongation, flowering, grain filling and harvesting), drought (full irrigation, drought from flowering and silique formation), rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS) and soil depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm). Soil samples were collected and soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable K were determined. Results showed that the contents of soluble and non-exchangeable K (NEK) decreased during the growth stages (22 and 198 mg kg-1, respectively) while the contents of exchangeable K increased until stem elongation (57 mg kg-1) and then remained constant. Decrease in the contents of HNO3-extractable K (sum of soluble, exchangeable and non-exchangeable K) in the topsoils was significantly more than that in the subsoils (198 vs. 142 mg kg-1). Drought also had a significant effect on K pools distribution. Drought from flowering decreased the contents of NEK and HNO3-extractable K; however, drought from silique formation had no significant effect on the contents of the different K forms. Type of rapeseed cultivar had no significant effect on K pools distribution. It is concluded that a severe decrease in HNO3-extractable K occurs at the flowering stage (170 mg kg-1) and it must be considered for K fertilizers management. Decrease in NEK during the rapeseed growth supports the hypothesis that this form of K may be released during a growth season and this large pool of K may be considered in K fertility management and fertilizer recommendations. Generally, K uptake by Sarigol cultivar was significantly higher than that by RGS cultivar (177.7 vs. 129.4 kg ha-1). Potassium uptake by rapeseed decreased by drought and this decrease was more pronounced by drought from silique formation (more than 40% decrease in K uptake). 0 چکیده-شکل‌های مختلف پتاسیم شامل پتاسیم محلول، تبادلی و غیرتبادلی در خاک‌های سطحی و زیرسطحی می‌تواند به‌‌وسیله ریشه کلزا در مراحل مختلف رشد و در شرایط تنش خشکی جذب شوند. به منظور بررسی تغییرات منبع پتاسیم آزمایشی مزرعه‌ای در مراحل مختلف رشد دو رقم کلزا در شرایط تنش خشکی در طول فصل رشد 1392-1393 اجرا شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی انجام شد که شامل سه تیمار مراحل مختلف رشد کلزا ( قبل از کاشت، رشد گیاهچه، رشد طولی ساقه، گلدهی، دوره پر شدن دانه و برداشت کلزا)، تنش خشکی (آبیاری کامل و تنش خشکی از گلدهی و تشکیل خورجین)، رقم کلزا (ساری‌گل و آر جی اس) و عمق نمونه برداری (0-15 و 15-30 سانتیمتر) بود. نمونه‌‌‌های خاک جمع آوری و میزان پتاسیم محلول، تبادلی و غیرتبادلی خاک اندازه‌‌‌‌گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد در طی مراحل رشد کلزا میزان پتاسیم محلول و غیرتبادلی کاهش یافت (به ترتیب 22 و 198 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم)؛ در حالی که مقدار پتاسیم تبادلی تا مرحله ساقه رفتن افزایش (57 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) و سپس ثابت باقی ماند. کاهش در میزان پتاسیم قابل استخراج با اسید نیتریک (مجموع پتاسیم محلول، تبادلی و غیرتبادلی) در خاک سطحی به طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از مقدار آن در خاک زیرسطحی بود (198 در مقایسه با 142 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم). تنش خشکی همچنین تأثیر معنی‌داری بر توزیع شکل‌های پتاسیم خاک داشت. تنش خشکی از گلدهی باعث کاهش پتاسیم غیرتبادلی و قابل استخراج با اسید نیتریک شد؛ هر چند که تنش خشکی از مرحله تشکیل خورجین تأثیر معنی‌داری روی مقادیر شکل‌های مختلف پتاسیم نداشت. نوع رقم کلزا تأثیر معنی‌داری بر توزیع شکل‌های پتاسیم نداشت. می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که یک کاهش پتاسیم شدیدی در خاک در مرحله گلدهی کلزا اتفاق می‌افتد (170 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) که برای مدیریت کود پتاسیم باید در نظر گرفته شود. کاهش در میزان پتاسیم غیرتبادلی در طول دوره رشد کلزا این فرضیه را تقویت می‌کند که این شکل از پتاسیم ممکن است در طول فصل رشد آزاد شود و این منبع بزرگ پتاسیم  می‌بایست در مدیریت حاصلخیزی و توصیه کودی پتاسیم در نظر گرفته شود. به طور کلی، جذب پتاسیم به‌وسیله رقم ساری‌گل به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از رقم آر جی اس بود (7/177 در مقابل 4/129 کیلوگرم در هکتار). جذب پتاسیم به‌وسیله کلزا با تیمار خشکی کاهش یافت و این کاهش در تیمار خشکی از مرحله تشکیل خورجین مشخص‌تر بود (بیش از 40 درصد کاهش در جذب پتاسیم). 1 10 راضیه بلدی R. Baladi Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran احسان بیژن زاده E. Bijanzadeh Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran مهدی نجفی قیری M. Najafi-Ghiri Department of Range and Watershed Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran شکل های پتاسیم مرحله گلدهی کلزا عمق خاک خشکی Damon, P., Osborne, L., & Rengel, Z. (2007). Canola genotypes differ in potassium efficiency during vegetative growth. Euphytica, 156, 387-397.##Eskandari, B., Kholdebarin, B., & Shahi, A. (2011). Interaction effect of potassium and drought on potassium uptake and transport in two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 13, 49-60.##Grimes, DW., Yamada, H, & Hughes, SW. (1987). Climate-normalized cotton leaf water potentials for irrigation scheduling. Agricultural Water Management, 12, 293–304.##Havlin, J., Beaton, J., Tisdale, S., & Nelson, W. (1999). Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Ed. Pretince Hall, New Jersey.##Helmke, P., Sparks, D., Page, A., Loeppert, R., Soltanpour, P., Tabatabai, M., Johnston, C., & Sumner, M. (1996). Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. Methods of soil analysis Part 3-chemical methods.551-574.##Jabbari, H., Akbari, G., Sima, N., Rad, A., Alahdadi, I., Hamed, A., & Shariatpanahi, M. (2013). Relationships between seedling establishment and soil moisture content for winter and spring rapeseed genotypes. Industrial Crops and Products, 49, 177-187.##Jackson, ML. (1975). Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced   ourse. Department of Soils, College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.##Jalali, M., & Khanlari, Z. (2014). Kinetics of Potassium Release from Calcareous Soils Under Different Land Use. Arid Land Research and Management.28:1-13.##Johns, WD., Grim, RE., & Bradley, F. (1954). Quantitative estimation of clay minerals by diffraction methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 24, 242 – 251.##Khormali, F., Abtahi, A. (2003). Origin and distribution of clay  minerals in calcareous arid and semiarid soils of Fars Province, southern Iran. Clay Mineral, 38, 511–527.##Najafi Ghiri, M. (2016). Changes in different forms of soil potassium at various growth stages of wheat. Soil Research, 30(1), 39-47.##Najafi Ghiri, M., & Abtahi, A. (2012). Factors affecting potassium fixation in calcareous soils of southern Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science.58:335-352.##Najafi Ghiri, M., Abtahi, A., & Jaberian, F. (2011a). Factors affecting potassium release in calcareous soils of southern Iran. Soil Research, 49, 529-537.##Najafi Ghiri, M., Abtahi, A., Karimian, N., Owliaie, H., & Khormali, F. (2011b). Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release as a function of clay mineralogy and soil taxonomy in calcareous soils of southern Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57, 343-363.##Najafi Ghiri, M., Abtahi, A., Owliaie, H., Hashemi, S., & Koohkan, H. (2011c). Factors Affecting Potassium Pools Distribution in Calcareous Soils of Southern Iran. Arid Land Research and Management, 25, 313-327.##Olk, D., Cassman, K., & Carlson, R. (1995). Kinetics of potassium fixation in vermiculitic soils under different moisture regimes. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59, 423-429.## Owliaie. HR., Abtahi, A., Heck, R.J. 2006. Pedogenesis and clay mineralogical investigation of soils formed on gypsiferous and calcareous materials, on a transect, southwestern Iran. Geoderma. 134:62–81.##Rad, A., & Abbasian, A. (2011). Evaluation of drought tolerance in winter rapeseed cultivars based on tolerance and sensitivity indices. Žemdirbystė (Agriculture), 98, 41-48.##Rao, C., Rupa, T., Rao, A., & Bansal, S. (2001). Subsoil potassium availability in twenty-two benchmark soil series of India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32, 863-876.##Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J., Prieto, P., & Estiarte, M. (2008). Drought and warming induced changes in P and K concentration and accumulation in plant biomass and soil in a Mediterranean shrubland. Plant and Soil, 306, 261-271.##Sharma, B., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Sawhney, J. (2006). Distribution of potassium fractions in relation to landforms in a Himalayan catena: (Verteilung von Kaliumfraktionen von Bodenarten innerhalb einer Himalaya–Catena). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 52, 469-476.##Sharpley, A. (1989). Relationship between soil potassium forms and mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53, 1023-1028.##Sparks, D. (2000). Bioavailability of soil potassium. Handbook of soil science. 38-52.##Staff, S. (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, twelfth edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service.360.##Tening, A, Omueti, J., Tarawali, G., & Mohamed Saleem, M. (1995). Potassium status of some selected soils under different land‐use systems in the subhumid zone of Nigeria. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis, 26, 657-672.##Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q., & Guo, S. (2013). The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(4), 7370-7390.##

1 اثر دما و تراکم اینوکلوم بر شدت بیماری زایی Phytophthora parsiana Effect of temperature and inoculum density on disease intensity of Phytophthora parsiana https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4706.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4706 1 ABSTRACT- The effects of inoculum density and temperature on the disease intensity of Phytophthora parsiana on almond seedlings were investigated. Almond seeds (Rabie and Kaghazi cultivars) were placed in moist vermiculite at 4°C for 45 days. Germinated seeds were sown in a soil: sand mixture (2:1 v/v) and grown in greenhouse (18°C-25°C). One-month-old seedlings were transferred from the greenhouse to the growth chambers set at 15, 18, 20, 25,30 and 32°C. The seedlings were subsequently inoculated either with mycelium of P. parsiana grown for 4-6 weeks on vermiculite amended with hemp seed extract or with zoospore (103, 104, 105 and 106 ml-1) by root dip method. The effect of temperature, inoculum density and their interaction on seedling mortality was measured. The results indicated that all three factors had significant effects on seedling mortality. While the highest disease incidence (100% mortality in almond seedlings) occurred at 30°C and 32°C, no mortality was observed at 15°C and18°C. Increasing temperature from 20°C to 30°C and inoculum rate from 103 to 106 zoospores ml-1 increased disease incidence significantly. Higher temperatures and inoculum densities also caused significant increases in the colonization level of the crown, main and lateral roots as well as reductions in the fresh and dry root weights of the seedlings. 0 چکیده-در این مطالعه، اثرات غلظت های مختلف مایه و دماهای مختلف، بر شدت بیماری زایی گونهPhytophthora parsiana  روی بادام مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای این منظور بذور بادام (ارقام ربیع و کاغذی)در ورمی کولیت مرطوب در دمای°C4 به مدت 45 روز نگهداری شد. بذور جوانه زده در گلدان های حاوی خاک ماسه به نسبت 1:2 کشت داده شد و در گلخانه در دمای °C 25-18 تا رشد کامل نگهداری شدند. یک ماه پس از رشد، نهال ­ها به اتاقک های رشد با دماهای 15، 18، 20، 25، 30 و °C 32 منتقل و گلدان ها به دو روش، با ریختن عصاره شاهدانه– ورمی کولیت حاوی بلوک های کشت بیمارگر در پای طوقه و یا با غلظت های مختلف زئوسپور شامل 103، 104، 105 و 106 اسپور در میلی لیتر به روشroot dip مایه زنی شدند. نتایج نشان داد افزایش دما و تراکم مایه و برهمکنش آنها  به طور معنی داری بر مرگ و میر دانهال ها تاثیر دارد .  دامنه دمایی°C32-30  سبب مرگ و میر 100 درصدی دانهال های بادام شد، در حالیکه در دامنه دمایی ºC 20-15، هیچگونه مرگ و میر دانهال های بادام مشاهده نگردید. با افزایش دما از 20 به °C30 و افزایش غلظت زئوسپور از 103 به 106 در میلی لیتر، وقوع بیماری به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. دماهای بالا و مقدار مایه بالاتر 106در میلی لیتر سبب کاهش معنی دار وزن تر و خشک ریشه و نیز درصد آلودگی ریشه‌های فرعی، اصلی و طوقه  گردید. 11 18 وحیده رفیعی V. Rafiei Department of Plant Protection, Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran ضیاءالدین بنی هاشمی Z. Banihashemi Department of Plant Protection, Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran حبیب اله حمزه زرقانی H. Hamzehzarghan Department of Plant Protection, Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran واژه‏های کلیدی: بادام بیماری‌زایی پوسیدگی ریشه دمای بالا Abad, Z.G., Abad, J.A., Cacciola, S.O., Pane A., Faedda, R., Moralejo, E., Pérez Sierra, A., Abad Campos, P., Alvarez Bernaola, L.A., Bakonyi, J., Józsa, A., Herrero, ML., Burgess, T.I., Cunnington, J., Smith, I., Balci, Y., Blomquist, C., Henricot, B., Denton, G., Spies, C., Mcleod, A., Belbahri, L., Cooke, D., Kageyama, K., Uematsu, S., Kurbetli, I., & Değirmenci, K. (2014). Phytophthora niederhauserii sp. nov., a polyphagous species associated with ornamentals, fruit trees and native plants in 13 countries. Mycologia, 106, 431-47.##Banihashemi, Z., & Fatehi, J. 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1 پیش بینی سرمازدگی با تخمین دمای حداقل روزانه در مناطق نیمه خشک ایران Prediction of frost occurrence by estimating daily minimum temperature in semi-arid areas in Iran https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4689.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4689 1 ABSTRACT- Many fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops of tropical origin experience physiological damage when subjected to low temperatures. Protection of plants from the effects of lethally low temperatures is important in agriculture, especially in horticultural production of high value fruits and vegetables. The objective of this study was to develop a simple model to predict the daily minimum air temperaturefor prediction of frost occurrence in Bajgah and Kooshkak semi-arid areas, Fars province. Initially, the relationship between the minimum temperature of the early morning of a day with some meteorological parameters of the previous day was developed. Meteorological parameters used in this analysis are daily relative humidity, wind speed, pan evaporation, rainfall, sunshine hours, and estimated dew-point temperature. Dew-point is an important parameter which is related to the minimum temperature in different months with low temperature in Bajgah and Kooshkak areas. Many daily weather parameters used in the regression analysis showed no significant relationship with the daily early morning minimum temperature, except the dew-point and relative humidity. The regression equation between the differences between dew-point and minimum temperature with relative humidity as a simple model was proposed to be used to predict the minimum temperature and subsequently frost occurrence in the study regions. This model was validated by independent data set with an acceptable accuracy for the study regions. 0 چکیده - بسیاری از میوه ها، سبزی ها و گیاهان زینتی مناطق حاره، در دماهای پایین در معرض آسیبهای فیزیولوژیکی جدی قرار می گیرند. حفاظت گیاهان در مقابل اثرات مهلک دمای پایین امری مهم در کشاورزی، خصوصا در باغبانی جهت حفظ محصولات گران قیمت میوه ای و زینتی است. هدف از این پژوهش ایجاد یک مدل ساده جهت پیش بینی دمای حداقل روزانه برای پیش بینی سرمازدگی در باجگاه و کوشکک ، از مناطق نیمه خشک استان فارس می باشد. در ابتدا  رابطه حداقل دمای صبح روز بعد با برخی عوامل هواشناسی روز قبل ایجاد شد. عوامل هواشناسی بکار رفته در این تحقیق مقادیر روزانه رطوبت نسبی، سرعت باد، تبخیر از تشت، بارندگی، ساعات آفتابی، و دمای نقطه شبنم برآوردشده بود.  نقطه شبنم به عنوان یک مشخصه مهم  در ارتباط با دمای حداقل در ماه های مختلف دارای دمای پایین در باجگاه و کوشکک می باشد. بسیاری از عوامل هواشناسی بکار رفته در تحلیل ها رابطه معنی داری با دمای حداقل صبح روز بعد نداشت مگر نقطه شبنم و رطوبت نسبی. روابط همبستگی بین تفاوت دمای حداقل و نقطه شبنم با رطوبت نسبی به عنوان مدلی ساده جهت تخمین دمای حداقل و به دنبال آن پیش بینی وقوع سرمازدگی در مناطق مورد مطالعه به کار رفت. این مدل ها با یک سری داده های مستقل در مناطق مورد مطالعه با نتایج قابل قبولی صحت سنجی شد. 19 32 محمدهادی جرعه نوش M. H. Jorenoosh Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran علیرضا سپاسخواه A. R. Sepaskhah Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran واژه های کلیدی: سرمازدگی قطه شبنم رطوبت نسبی دمای حداقل Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 56, 145-167.##Bagdonas, A., Georg, J.C., & Gerber, J.F. (1978). Techniques of frost prediction and methods of frost and cold protection. World Meteorology Organization Technology  Note, 157.##Cary, J.W. (1982). Amount of soil ice predicted from weather observations. Agricultural Meteorology, 27, 35-43.##Didari, S., Zand Parsa, S., Sepaskhah, A.R., Kamgar, A.A., & Khalili, D. (2011). Preparation of frost atlas using different interpolation methods in a semiarid region of south of Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 108,159-171.##Nash, J.E., & Sutcliffe, J.V. (1970). River flow forecasting through conceptual models. Journal of  Hydrology, 10, 282–290.##Nazemosadat, M.J., Sepaskhah, A.R., & Mohammadi, S. (2001). A case study on the relationship between daily dew-point and minimum temperature in next day in Jahrom in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 5(3), 9-17. (in Persion)##Rosenberg, N.J., Blain, L., & Shashi, B. (1983). The Biological Environment (2st ed.). John Wiley and Sons.##Snyder, R.L. (2000). Predicting temperature trends during freeze nights. Department of Land, Air and Water Research, University of California,  Davis, CA 95616, USA.##Vantskevich, G.Z. (1985). Agrometeorology. Translated from Russian by the Israel Program for Scientific Translation for National Science Foundation.##Whiteman, T.M. (1957). Freezing points of fruits, vegetables, and florist stocks. United States Department of Agriculture, 196.##Willmott, C.J. (1982). Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. American. Meteoroogy, G3, 1309-1313.##Ziaee, A.R., Kamgar, A.A., Sepaskhah, A.R., & Ranjbar, S. (2006). Determination of minimum temperature probability atlas by use of weather parameters in Fars province in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10(3), 13-26. (in Persion).##

1 تجزیه و تحلیل علف کش 2,4-D در نیمرخ خاک با استفاده از مدل HYDRUS-1D Analysis of 2,4-D residues in soil profile using HYDRUS-1D model https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4688.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4688 1 ABSTRACT- Despite the benefits of herbicides, their persistence in soil can harm other plants in next rotations and contaminate ground water. The main purpose of this research is to simulate 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid(2,4-D) movement in silty clay loam soil using HYDRUS-1D model in a corn root zone. The maximum contaminant level goal, MCLG, of 2,4-D in water resources is 10 ppb. The 3.5 kg a.i ha-1 of 2,4-D was applied to the experimental field under two irrigation treatments including normal and deficit irrigation. The presence of 2,4-D along with soil water content was measured in soil profile at different depths during the growing season at 8, 13, 23, 30, 37 and 57 days after application. Both measured and simulated data showed that 2,4-D concentrations reduced from top to bottom of soil profile, maximum 40 cm in both irrigation treatments. The 2,4-D residues in normal and deficit irrigation were used for calibration and validation of HYDRUS-1D model, respectively. In general, total measured and simulated 2,4-D concentration in normal irrigation treatment were 68.94 and 64.96 mg kg-1and in deficit irrigation treatment were 74.3 and 74.0 mg kg-1, respectively. Statistical parameters including NRMSE, CRM and d were used for comparison of measured and simulated data. These parameters were 0.267, 0.77 and 0.846 for normal irrigation and 0.189, -0.02 and 0.937 for deficit regime, respectively. Therefore, the results showed a good agreement between measured values of herbicide residue and the values simulated using HYDRUS 1D model. The numerical simulations for deficit irrigation regime were more precise than normal irrigation because of less microbial activity due to less soil moisture. The numerical models could not simulate microbial activity with acceptable accuracy. 0 چکیده-علیرغم فواید بسیار علف کشها، پایداری آنها در خاک می تواند به گیاهان در کشت های بعدی صدمه زده و باعث آلودگی خاک و آبهای زیر زمینی گردد. هدف اصلی این تحقیق شبیه سازی حرکت علف کش 2,4-D در یک خاک سیلتی رسی لوم با استفاده از مدل HYDRUS-1D در مزرعه ذرت می باشد. مقدار 5/3 کیلوگرم در هکتار 2,4-D خالص     تحت دو رژیم کم آبیاری و  آبیاری کامل به خاک اضافه شد و باقیمانده آن در نیمرخ خاک در 8، 13، 23،30، 37 و 57 روز پس از کاربرد اندازه گیری گردید. داده های اندازه گیری شده و شبیه سازی شده نشان داد که غلظتهای 2,4-D از سطح به عمق کاهش یافته و در هر دو رژیم آبیاری حداکثر تا عمق 40 سانتی متری خاک نشت کرد. مقادیر باقیمانده 2,4-Dدر خاک در تیمارهای آبیاری کامل و کم آبیاری بترتیب برای واسنجی و اعتبار سنجی مدل  HYDRUS-1D  استفاده شد. غلظت کل اندازه گیری شده و شبیه سازی شده در نیمرخ خاک در رژیم آبیاری کامل بترتیب 94/68 و 96/64 میلی گرم در کیلو گرم خاک و در رژیم کم آبیاری بترتیب 3/74 و 0/74 میلی گرم در کیلو گرم خاک بود. از پارامترهای آماری  d, CRM و  NRMSE برای مقایسه نتایج شبیه سازی و اندازه گیری استفاده گردید. این پارامترها برای آبیاری کامل بترتیب 85/0 ، 27 /0 ، 77/0 و  برای کم آبیاری بترتیب 94/0 ، 19/0 و 02/0 بود. بنابراین نتایج نشان داد که تطابق خوبی بین مقادیر اندازه گیری شده و شبیه سازی شده توسط مدل HYDRUS-1D  وجود داشت. نتایج شبیه سازی  برای رژیم کم آبیاری دقیقتر از آبیاری کامل بود که دلیل آن می تواند فعالیت کمتر میکروبی در خاک به دلیل کاهش رطوبت خاک در رژیم کم آبیاری باشد. به طور کلی مدلها قادر به شبیه سازی دقیق فعالیت های میکروبی نیستند. بنابراین در کم آبیاری که این فعالیت کمتر بوده است، نتایج  شبیه سازی بهتر شده است. 31 40 مسعود نوشادی M. Noshadi Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran پریا ترکمان P. Torkaman Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran باقیمانده 4-D ذرت آبیاری خاک شبیه سازی Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. FAO. Rome 300. D05109.##Aquino, A.J.A.,Tunega, D., Pasalic, H., Haberhauer, G., & Lischka, H. (2007). The thermodynamic stability of hydrogen bonded and cation bridged complexes of humic acid models—A theoretical study. Chemical Physics, 349(1-3), 69-76.##Armstrong, A., Matthews, A., Portwood, A., Leeds Harrison, P., & Jarvis, N. (2000). CRACK-NP: a pesticide leaching model for cracking clay soils. Agricultural Water Management, 44, 183-199.##Bernard, H.C., Chopart, P., Legube, J., & Vauclin, B. (2005). Assessment of herbicide leach- ing risk in two tropical soils of Reunion Island (France). Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(2), 534-543.##Cattaneo, M., Masson, C., & Greer, C. (1997). The influence of moisture on microbial transport, survival and 2, 4-D biodegradation with a genetically marked Burkholderia cepacia in unsaturated soil columns. Biodegradation, 8(2), 87-96.##Close, M.E., Lee, R., Sarmah, A.K., Pang, L., Dann, R., Magesan, G.N., Watt, J.P.C., & Vincent, K.W. (2008). Pesticide sorption and degradation characteristics in New Zealand soils—a synthesis from seven field. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 36, 9-30.##Darrell, W., & Nelson, L.E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In Parks D.L. (Ed) Methods of Soil Analysis, SSSA Book Series: 5, 982–991.##Dousset, S., Thevenot, M., Pot, V., Šimunek, J., & Andreux, F. (2007). Evaluating equilibrium and non-equilibrium transport of bromide and isoproturon in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 94(3), 261-276.##Gupta, M., Garg, N., Joshi, H., & Sharma, M. (2012). Persistence and mobility of 2, 4-D in unsaturated soil zone under winter wheat crop in sub-tropical region of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 146(1), 60-72.##Hubbs, G.W., & Lavy, T.L. (1990). Dissipation of norflurazon and other persistent  herbicides in soil. Weed Science, 38,81-88.##Idaho Environmental Quality.2004.Appendices - Department of  Environmental Quality, <http://www. deq. idaho. gov/ media/967306-rem_ 2004_ appendix_ less_ appendix_ m.pdf> .##Jamieson, P.D., Porter, J.R., & Wilson, D.R. (1991). A test of the computer simulation model ARCWHEAT1 on wheat crops grown in New Zealand. Field Crop. Reserch, 27, 337–350.##Jarvis, N., Brown, C., Granitza, E. (2000). Sources of error in model predictions of pesticide leaching: a case study using the MACRO model. Agricultural Water Management, 44, 247-262.##Kodesova, R., Kocarek, M., Kodes, V., Simunek, J., & Kozak, J. (2008). Impact of soil micromorphological features on water flow and herbicide transport in soils. Vadose Zone Journal, 7(2), 798-809.## Köhne, S., Lennartz,B., Köhne,J.M., & Šimůnek, J.(2006). Bromide transport at a tile-drained field site: Experiment, and one-and two-dimensional equilibrium and non-equilibrium numerical modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 321(1), 390-408.##Köhne, J.M., Köhne, S., & Šimůnek, J. (2009). A Review of Model Applications for Structured Soils: a) Pesticide Transport, J. Contam. Hydrol. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 104, 36–60.##Kucharski, J., & Wyszkowska, J. (2008). Biological properties of soil contaminated with the herbicide Apyros 75 WG. Journal of Elementology, 13(3), 357-371.##Ladu, J.L.C., & Zhang, D.R. (2011). Modeling atrazine transport in soil columns with HYDRUS-1D. Water Science and Engineering, 4(3), 258-269.##Mersie, W., & Foy, C.L. (1985). Phytotoxicity and Adsorption of Chlorsulfuron as Affected by Soil Properties. Weed Science, 33, 564–568.##Mohanty, B.P., Kanwar, R.S., & Everts, C.J. (1994). Comparison of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement Methods for a Glacial-Till Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58(3), 672-677.##Munro, I.C., Carlo, G.L., Orr, J.C., Sund, K.G., Wilson, R.M., Kennepohl, E., Lynch, B.S., & Jablinske, M. (1992). A comprehensive, integrated review and evaluation of the scienticts evidence relating to the safety of the herbicide 2,4-D. International Journal of Toxicology, 11, 559.##Noshadi, M., Forouharfar, F., Amin, S., Maftoun, M. (2011). Measuring and Simulating 2,4-D Residues in Silty Clay Soil Profile Under Two Water Regimes Using a LEACHP Model. Journal of Iran Agricultural Research, 30, 33-46.##Pang, L., Close, M.E., Watt, J.P.C., & Vincent, K.W. (2000). Simulation of picloram, atrazine, and simazine leaching through two New Zealand soils and into ground- water using HYDRUS-2D. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 44, 19- 46.##Pesaro, M., Widmer, F., Nicollier, G., & Zeyer, J. (2003). Effects of freeze-thaw stress during soil storage on microbial communities and methidathion degradation. Soil Biolojy Biochemi, 35, 1049-1061.##Sarmah, A.K., Close, M.E., Pang, L., Lee, R., Green, S.R. (2005). Field study of pesticide leaching in a Himatangi sand (Manawatu) and a Kiripaka bouldery clay loam (Northland). 2. Simulation using LEACHM, HYDRUS-1D, GLEAMS, and SPASMO models. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 43, 471-489.##Shen, L., Wania, F., Lei, Y.D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D.C.G., & Bidleman, T.F. (2005). Atmospheric distribution and long-range transport behavior of organochlo- rine pesticides in North America. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 409-420.##Shukla, G., Kumar, A., Bhanti, M., Joseph, P., & Taneja, A. (2006). Organochlorine pes- ticide contamination of ground water in the city of Hyderabad. Environment International , 32, 244-247.##Simunek, J., Sejna, M., & Van Genuchten, M.T. (1998). The HYDRUS-1D software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media, version 2.0, US Salinity Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Riverside, CA.##Simunek, J., Sejna, M., & Van Genuchten, M.T. (2005). The HYDRUS-1D software pack- age for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media. University of California, Riverside, Research reports, 240.##Simunek, J. & Van Genuchten, M.T. (2008). Modeling nonequilibrium flow and transport processes using HYDRUS. Vadose Zone Journal, 7(2), 782-.797.##Sparks, D.L. (2003). Environmental Soil Chemistry. Academic Press.##Van Genuchten, M.T. (1980). A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44 (5), 892–898.##Van Genuchten, M.T., Wierenga, P., & Davidson, J. (1974). Evaluation of kinetic and equilibrium equations for the prediction of pesticide movement through porous media. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc, 38(1), 29-35.##Walker, A. (1987). Evaluation of a simulation model for prediction of herbicide move- ment and persistence in soil. Weed Research, 27, 143-152.##Wang, Y., Merkel, B.J., Li, Y., Ye, H., Fu, S., & Ihm, D. (2007). Vulnerability of groundwater in Quaternary aquifers to organic contaminants: a case study in Wuhan City, China. Environmental Geology, 53, 479- 484.##Worrall, F., & Kolpin, D.W. (2004). Aquifer vulnerability to pesticide pollution—combining soil, land-use and aquifer properties with molecular descriptors. 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1 اثرات مالچ‌های غیرزنده (ارگانیک و غیرارگانیک) و علف‌کش متریبوزین بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گوجه‌فرنگی (Lycopersicon escolentum cv. CH) Effects of non-living mulches and metribuzin on yield and yield components of tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum cv. CH) https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4678.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4678 1 ABSTRACT- To compare the effects of six types of non-living mulches (wheat straw, sawdust, coco peat, peat moss, transparent and black plastic) with metribuzin on yield and yield components of tomato cv "CH" and the weed control efficiency, a study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at School of Agriculture, Shiraz University in 2012. Plots without mulch (weedy and weed free) were considered as control. The highest and the lowest tomato dry weight accumulation was observed in the black plastic mulch (728.98 g m-2) and weedy treatment (126.22 g m-2), respectively. The highest number of fruits (marketable plus unmarketable fruits) per plant (208.33) under black plastic mulch treatment was observed at harvest time. Tomato yield in plots covered with transparent plastic and black plastic were 20.93, 8.31 kg m-2, respectively and were significantly different from those treated with herbicide (6.06 kg m-2). Weed control efficacy evaluation showed that black (82.23%) and transparent (86.23%) plastic were not significantly different from metribuzin (84.59%). Application of non-living mulches produced tomatoes of higher quality and quantity. 0 چکیده-به منظور مقایسه اثرات شش نمونه مالچ شامل مالچ پلاستیک شفاف، پلاستیک مشکی، کاه­و­کلش گندم، خاک اره،کوکوپیت و پیت­ماس با علف­کش متریبوزین بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گوجه­فرنگی رقم "CH" و مهار علف­های­هرز آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با نه تیمار در سه تکرار در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز در سال  1391 صورت پذیرفت. پلات­های بدون مالچ (حضور علف­هرز و بدون علف­هرز) به عنوان شاهد استفاده شدند. بیشترین و کمترین تجمع وزن خشک گوجه­فرنگی به ترتیب درکرت­های تحت تاثیر مالچ پلاستیک مشکی (98/728 گرم در مترمربع) و تیمار حضور علف­هرز (22/126گرم در مترمربع) مشاهده شد. بیشترین تعداد میوه در هر بوته (33/208) در تیمار مالچ پلاستیک مشکی در زمان برداشت محصول مشاهده شد. عملکرد گوجه­فرنگی به ترتیب درکرت­های تیمار شده با مالچ­های پلاستیک شفاف و مشکی 93/20 و 31/8 کیلوگرم در مترمربع بود که با علف­کش متریبوزین (06/6 کیلوگرم در هکتار) اختلاف معنی­داری نشان داد. بررسی کارآیی کنترل علف­های­هرز نشان داد که مالچ­های پلاستیک مشکی (23/82 درصد) و شفاف (23/86 درصد) با علف­کش متریبوزین (59/84 درصد) از این نظر دارای اختلاف آماری معنی­داری نبودند. بررسی­ها نشان داد که کاربرد مالچ­های غیرزنده سبب تولید محصول گوجه­فرنگی بیشتری ­شد. 43 48 روزبه زنگوئی نژاد R. Zangoueinejad Department of Weed Science of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, I. R. Iran Iran سید عبدالرضا کاظمینی S. A. Kazemeini Department of Crop and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran حسین غدیری H. Ghadiri Department of Crop and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran جمال جوانمردی J. Javanmardi Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran پیت‌ماس پلاستیک شفاف مهار علف‌هرز Ahmad, I., Hussain, Z., Raza, S., Memon, N.U.N., & Naqvi, S.A. (2011). Response of vegetative and reproductive components of chili to inorganic and organic mulches. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 48(1), 19-24.##Anzalone, A.,  Cirujeda, A., Aibar, J., Pardo, G., & Zaragoza, C. (2010). Effect of biodegradable mulch materials on weed control in processing tomatoes. Weed Technology, 24, 369–377.##Arancibia, R. A., & Motsenbocker, C. E. (2008). Differential watermelon fruit size distribution in response to plastic mulch and spun bonded polyester row cover. Hort Technology, 18(1), 45-52.##Awodoyin, R.O., Ogbeide, F.I., & Oluwole, O. (2007). Effects of three mulch types on the growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicones culentum Mill.) and weed suppression in Ibadan, rainforest-savanna transition zone of Nigeria. Tropical Agricultural Research & Extension, 10, 53-60.##Bangi, S. S., Lal, E. P., Bangi, S. S., & Sattigeri, U. T. (2014). Effect of herbicides on weed control efficiency (WCE) and yield attributes in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(6), 59-65.##Diaz Perez, J.C. (2009).Root zone temperature, plant growth and yield of broccoli [Brassica oleracea (Plenck) var. italica] as affected by plastic film mulches. Scientia Horticulturae, 123, 156–163.##Gandhi, N., & Bains, G.S. (2006). Effect of mulching and date of transplanting on yield contributing characters of tomato. Journal of Research, 43, 6-9.##Hallidri, M. (2001). Comparison of different mulching materials on growth, yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Acta Horticulturae, 559, 49-53.##Ibarra, L., Flores, J., & Diaz Perez, J.C. (2001). Growth and response to plastic mulch and row covers. Scientia Horticulturae, 87(1/2), 139-145.##Law, D.M., Rowell, A. B., Snyder, J. C., & Williams, M. A. (2006). Weed control efficacy of organic mulches in two organically managed bell pepper production systems. Hort Technology, 16(2), 225-232.##Locher, J., Ombódi, A., Kassai, T., & Dimény, J. (2005). Influence of coloured mulches on soil temperature and yield of sweet pepper. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 70 (2), 245- 251.##Masiunas, J., Wahle, E., Barmore, L., & Morgan, A. (2003). A foam mulching system to control weeds in tomatoes and sweet basil. Hort Technology, 13(2), 324- 328.##Mohammadi, G. R. (2013). Alternative weed control methods: A Review. In Soloneski, S., and Larramendy, M. (Eds.), Larramendy Weed and Pest Control - Conventional and New Challenges (pp. 117-159). Croatia, In Tech Press.##Nagalakshmi, S., Palanisamy, D., Eswaran, S., & Sreenarayanan, V.V. (2002). Influence of plastic mulching on chili yield and economics. South Indian Horticulture, 50, 262-265.##Olabode, O. S., Ogunyemi, S., & Adesina, G. O. (2007). Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench) to weed control by mulching. Journal of  Food Agriculture and Environment, 5 (3/4), 324 - 326.##Radics, L., Szekelyne, E. B., Pusztai, P., & Horvath, K. (2006). Role of mulching in weed control of organic tomato. Plant Diseases and Protection, 18, 643- 650.   ##Rashdi, M., Abbassi, S., & Golami, M. (2009). Interactive effects of plastic mulch and tillage method on yield and yield components of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 5(3), 420- 42.##Shogren, R. L., & Hochmut, R. C. (2004). Field evaluation of watermelon grown on paper polymerized vegetable oil mulches. Hort Science, 39(7), 1588-1591.##Singh, R. (2005). Influence of mulching on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in north Indian plains. Vegetable Science, 32(1), 55-58.          ##Soltani, N., Robinson, D. E., Hamil, A. S., Bowley, S., & Sikkema, P. H. (2005). Tolerance of processing tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum) to thifensulfuron methyl. Weed Technology, 19, 669-673.##Thakur, P. S., Thakur, A., Kanaujia, S. P., & Thakur, A. (2000). Reversal of water stress effects. Mulching impact on the performance of Capsicum annuum under water deficit. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 57, 250-254.##Wilson, H. P., Monks, D.W., Hines, T. E., & Mills, R. J. (2001). Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and several weeds to ASC-67040 herbicide. Weed Technology, 15, 271-276.##

1 اثررقمواندازه میوه بر حساسیت به کوفتگی و برخی خواص فیزیکی میوه سیب Cultivar and fruit size influence bruise susceptibility and some physical properties of apple fruit https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4713.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4713 1 ABSTRACT- For most fruit types, including apples, bruising is the most common type of postharvest mechanical injury. Bruise susceptibility was investigated in 3 commercial cultivars (‘JazzTM’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’) and among a range of 4 different fruit sizes (commercial counts of 135, 120, 100, and 88) in each cultivar. Bruising was carried out by dropping a uniform round steel ball (110g) from a height of 30 cm through a vertical hollow PVC pipe onto the apples. Fruit physical properties and bruise assessments were evaluated. The results showed that ‘JazzTM’ and‘Granny Smith’ apples had the lowest and highest bruise susceptibility, respectively, indicating that ‘Granny Smith’ apple would be more likely to be bruised during harvest and post-harvest handling. Results also showed that smaller fruits were less susceptible to bruising. There was a positive significant correlation between fruit bruising and fruit volume; but, there were significant negative correlations between fruit bruising and fruit density, fruit firmness and fruit dry mater. These findings will be very useful to reduce the incidence of fruit damage of studied apple cultivars, which is of interest to both growers and operators of postharvest handling and marketing facilities. 0 چکیده- برای اغلب میوه ها، ازجمله سیب،کوفتگی متداول­ترین آسیب مکانیکی پس ازبرداشت است. حساسیت به کوفتگی ناشی از آسیب‏های مکانیکی درسه رقم تجاری(شامل ’جاز‘،’گرانی اسمیت‘و’فوجی‘) و در هر رقم در چهار درجه تجاری میوه (شامل 135، 120، 100 و 88) اندازه­گیری شد. برای ایجاد کوفتگی یک گلوله فلزی با وزن مشخص (110 گرم) از ارتفاع مشخصی (30 سانتی­متر) و از درون یک لوله پی وی سی بر روی میوه ها رها  شد برخی خواص فیزیکی میوه و همچنین شاخص­های مربوط به کوفتگی اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که رقم جاز کمترین و رقم گرانی اسمیت بیشترین حساسیت را در برابر کوفتگی داشتند که می تواند بیانگر این مسئله باشد که رقم گرانی اسمیت در فرایند نقل و انتقال تجاری آسیب بیشتری خواهد دید. ارزیابی اندازه میوه نشان داد که میوه­های کوچکتر در برابر کوفتگی حساسیت کمتری داشتند. بررسی ارتباط بین خواص فیزیکی میوه و میزان کوفتگی نیز نشان داد که به طور کلی حجم میوه همبستگی مثبت بالا و چگالی، سفتی و وزن خشک میوه نیز همبستگی منفی بالایی با حجم کوفتگی داشتند. نتایج این پژوهش می تواند در کاهش میزان صدمات مکانیکی وارده به میوه سیب بسیار مفید واقع شود که مورد توجه هر دو تولید کنندگان میوه و شرکت های فعال در بخش نگهداری و بازاررسانی میوه می باشد. 49 56 علی قرقانی A. Gharaghani Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran شیرین شاهکومحلی Sh. Shahkoomahally Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran واژه‏های کلیدی: سیب رقم اندازه میوه حساسیت به کوفتگی خواص فیزیکی میوه Banks, N. H., & Joseph, M. (1991). Factors affecting resistance of banana fruit to compression and impact bruising. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 56, 315-323.##Bollen, A. (2005). Major factors causing variation in bruise susceptibility of apples (Malus domestica) grown in New Zealand. New Zealand journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 33, 201-210.##Brereton, R. G. (2003). Chemometrics: data analysis for the laboratory and chemical plant. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK.##Cody, R. P., Smith, J. K., & Cody, R.P. (1991). Applied statistics and the SAS programming language. North-Holland New York.##De Ketelaere, B., Desmet, M., & De Baerdemaeker, J. (2006). Determination of bruise susceptibility of tomato fruit by means of an instrumented pendulum. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 40, 7-14.##Ericsson, N. A., & Tahir, I. (1996). Studies on apple bruising: I. Estimation of incidence and susceptibility differences in the bruising of three apple cultivars. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B-Plant Soil Sciences, 46, 209-213.##Everitt, B. S., Dunn, G. (1992). Applied Multivariate Data Analysis. New York, NY. Oxford University Press.##Garcia, J. L., Ruiz Altisent, M. & Barreiro, P. (1995). Factors influencing Mechanical properties and bruiz susceptibility of apples and pears.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 61, 11-18.##Harker, F. R., Redgwell, R. J., Hallett, I. C., Murray, S. H., & Carter, G. (1997). Texture of fresh fruit. Horticultural Reviews, 20, 121-224.##Jafari, R., & Nassiri, S. M. (2013). Modeling static bruising in apple fruits: Acomprative study, part II: Finite element approach. Iran Agriculture Research, 32 (2), 11-20.##Johnson, K. L., & Johnson, K. K. L. (1987). Contact mechanics. Cambridge university press, Cambridge, UK.##Kupferman, E. (2006). Minimizing bruising in apples. Postharvest Information Network, Washington State University, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center.##Malone, M. (2005). Malus domestica ‘Scifresh’. Plant Varieties Journal, 18, 256-260.##Massart, D. L., Vandeginste, B., Buydens, L., De Jong, S., Lewi, P., & Smeyers Verbeke, J. (1997). Handbook of chemometrics and qualimetrics: Part A. Elsevier Science Pub Co.##Mohsenin, N. N. (1986). Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Vol. 1. Structure, physical characterisitics and mechanical properties (2nd rev. and updated ed.). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York.##Opara, L. U. (2007). Bruise susceptibilities of ‘Gala’ apples p as affected by orchard management practices and harvest date. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 43, 47-54.##Pang, D. W., Studman, C. J., Banks, N. H., & Baas, P.H. (1996). Rapid assessment of the susceptibility of apples to bruising. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 64, 37-47.##Pasini, L., Ragni, L., Rombola, A., Berardinelli, A., Guarnieri, A., & Marangoni, B. (2004). Influence of the fertilisation system on the mechanical damage of apples. Biosystems Engineering, 88, 441-452.##Ragni, L., & Berardinelli, A. (2001). Mechanical Behaviour of Apples, and Damage during Sorting and Packaging. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78, 273-279.##SAS Institute, Inc. (1985). The SAS program for personal computer. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.##Scheerlinck, N., Desmet, M., & De Baerdemaeker, J. (2006). Factors that affect tomato bruise development as a result of mechanical impact. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 42, 260-270.##Schulte, N., Brown, G., & Timm, E. (1992). Apple impact damage thresholds. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 8 (1), 55-60.##Studman, C., Brown, G., Timm, E., Schulte, N., & Vreede, M. (1997). Bruising on blush and non-blush sides in apple-to-apple impacts. Transactions of the ASAE, 40, 1655-1663.##Van Zeebroeck, M., Ramon, H., De Baerdemaeker, J., Nicolai, B., & Tijskens, E. (2007). Impact damage of apples during transport and handling. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 45, 157-167.##Van Zeebroeck, M., Tijskens, E., Dintwa,E., Kafashan, J., Loodts, J., De Baerdemaeker, J., & Ramon, H. (2006). The discrete element method (DEM) to simulate fruit impact damage during transport and handling: Case study of vibration damage during apple bulk transport. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 41, 92-100.##

1 تنوع مورفو-فنولوژی و عددکروموزومی در ژنوتیپ‌های ایرانی Bromus danthoniae Trin Morpho-phenology and chromosome number of Iranian Bromus danthoniae Trin. genotypes https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4718.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4718 1 ABSTRACT- Bromus danthoniae Trin. is an annual grass species which grows mainly on dry grassy rocky mountain slopes and grassy steppe, and is grazed by many herbivores and recognized as a useful pasture plant. The chromosome number, morphological and anatomical traits of 82 genotypes of B. danthoniae belonging to three sub-taxa were investigated. Twenty-seven quantitative and 20 qualitative morphological traits were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that B. danthoniae genotypes varied significantly for all quantitatively tested traits. Based on cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into four groups which mostly corresponded to their subspecies identities. According to correlation analysis, lemma length had strong positive correlations with other traits such as awn length (r=0.55**), lemma width (r=0.72**) and caryopsis length (r=0.84**). In addition, lemma width was significantly correlated with the traits like floret number per spikelet (r=0.47**) and caryopsis length (r=0.58**). Based on factor analysis, the first three factors encompass about 51% of total variation. Overall, lemma length and lemma width were the two reliable traits for morphological investigations in this species. The results of chromosome counting showed that B. danthoniae subsp. danthoniae and B. danthoniae var.lanuginusos Roshev. were diploid (2n=2x=14) whereas B. danthoniae subsp. pseudodanthoniae (Drobov) H. Scholz was tetraploid (2n=4x=28). The results of leaf surface anatomy showed that tetraploid genotypes had larger stomata but lower stomatal density than the diploid ones, thus a comprehensive relationship between genome size and guard cell size cannot be ruled out as a plausible explanation for differentiating the ploidy levels. The high morphological variations among the B. danthoniae genotypes explain the habitat distribution of this species and enable us to incorporate this knowledge into practice by exploiting the variation for improvement of pasture production. 0 چکیده-گونه Bromus danthoniae Trin. گراس یکساله است که اساساً در شیب­ها و دامنه­های صخره­ای خشک و مناطق استپی رشد می­کند، توسط بسیاری از حیوانات چرا شده و به عنوان یک گیاه مرتعی کارا شناخته می­شود.  عدد کروموزومی و صفات مورفولوژی و آناتومی 82 ژنوتیپ از این گونه (شامل سه زیر گونه) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و تعداد 27 صفت کمی و 20 صفت کیفی اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد ژنوتیپ­های مورد مطالعه در همه صفات کمی آزمون شده تفاوت معنی دار داشته­اند. بر مبنای نتایج حاصل از تجزیه کلاستر ژنوتیپ­ها در چهار گروه قرار گرفتند که عمدتاً با گروه­بندی بر اساس زیرگونه­ مطابقت داشت. همچنین نتایج حاصل از بررسی همبستگی­ها نشان داد طول لما همبستگی مثبت و بالایی با صفات دیگر مانند طول سیخک (55/0=r)، عرض لما (72/0=r) و طول دانه (84/0=r) داشت. علاوه بر آن، عرض لما همبستگی بالا و معنی­داری با سایر صفات مانند تعداد گل در سنبلچه (47/0=r) و طول دانه (58/0=r) داشت. نتایج تجزیه به عامل­ها نشان داد سه عامل اول توانست در مجموع 51% از تنوع کل را توجیه کند. بطور کل، صفات طول و عرض لما قابل اعتماد ترین صفات در مطالعات مورفولوژی این گونه بوده است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد B. danthoniae subsp. danthoniae و B. danthoniae var.lanuginusos Roshev. دیپلویید (14=x2=n2)، در حالیکه B. danthoniae subsp. pseudodanthoniae (Drobov) H. Scholz تتراپلویید (24=x4=n2) است. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از بررسی­های آناتومی سطح برگ، ژنوتیپ­ تتراپلویید دارای اندازه روزنه بزرگتر و تراکم روزنه کمتر نسبت به ژنوتیپ­های دیپلویید بود. بنابراین وجود ارتباط جامع بین اندازه ژنوم و اندازه سلول­های نگهبان روزنه به عنوان معیاری برای تمایز سطوح پلوییدی متفاوت این گونه رد نخواهد شد. تنوع مورفولوژی بالا بین ژنوتیپ­های مطالعه شده، پراکندگی وسیع رشدی آن را توصیف کرده و ما را قادر می­سازد که با استفاده از این گیاه در برنامه­های اصلاحی گیاهان، تولیدات مرتعی را افزایش دهیم. 57 66 معصومه رضایی M. Rezaei Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan I. R. Iran Iran احمد ارزانی A. Arzani Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan I. R. Iran Iran قدرت اله سعیدی G. Saeidi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan I. R. Iran Iran gsaeidi@cc.iut.ac.ir تنوع ژنتیکی سطح پلوئیدی مرتع Bromus danthoniae گندمیان Agayev, Y. M. (2002). New features in karyotype structure and origin of saffron, Crocus sativus L. Cytologia, 67, 245-252.##Anderson, J. T., Inouye, D.W., McKinney, A. M., Colautti, R. I., & Mitchell Olds, T. (2012). Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Science, 279, 3843-3852.##Arzani, A., & Ashraf, A. (2016). Smart engineering of genetic resources for enhanced salinity tolerance in crop plants. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 35,146-189.##Aulicino, M. B., & Arturi, M. J. (2002). Phenotypic diversity in Argentinian populations of Bromus catharticus (Poaceae). Genetic and environmental components of quantitative traits. New Zealand  Journal of Botany, 40, 223-234.##Aulicino, M. B., & Arturi, M. J. (2008). 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1 بهبود زمان ماندگاری و کیفیت نان تافتون با استفاده از پوره و کنسانتره آلو Improving quality and shelf life of Taftoon bread by using plum puree and concentrate https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4722.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4722 1 ABSTRACT- Considering health and economic issues, today, consumers have become more concerned with foods which contain natural ingredients. Hence, in this study, the effects of plum concentrate and puree which were incorporated into the Taftoon bread formulation at different levels on the rheological, baking properties and shelf life of bread were evaluated. Results showed that addition of plum concentrate and puree improved the quality and shelf life of Taftoon bread. Plum puree was effective in improving dough development time, mixing tolerance index and dough softening while concentrate affected stability and water absorption. Bread containing 4% plums puree had the lowest hardness compared with other samples. Image processing analyses showed that both concentrate and puree improved browning in Taftoon bread. Therefore, plum concentrate and puree can be used as a humectant to improve the quality and shelf life of Taftoon bread. 0 چکیده- استفاده از ترکیبات طبیعی بجای ترکیبات شیمیایی در صنعت پخت از نظر اقتصادی و سلامتی حائز اهمیت است. از اینرو، در این پژوهش اثر استفاده از کنسانتره آلو در سه سطح (4،6 و 8%) و پوره آلو در سه سطح (2،4 و 6%) بعنوان یک افزودنی طبیعی بر بهبود ویژگی های کیفی، رئولوژیک و خمیر و نان تافتون بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که افزودن کنسانتره و پوره آلو سبب بهبود کیفیت و زمان ماندگاری نان تافتون شد. تاثیر پوره آلو بر بهبود ویژگی های زمان گسترش، شاخص تحمل و درجه سست شدن خمیر و اثر کنسانتره بر پایداری و جذب تاثیر داشت. نان حاوی 4% پوره آلو کمترین  میزان سفتی را داشت. نتایج آنالیز رنگ نشان داد که پوره و کنسانتره سبب بهبود رنگ قهوه ای مطلوب در نان تافتون شدند. بنایراین پوره وکنسانتره آلو می توانند بعنوان یک هموکتانت، بهبود دهنده خواص کیفی و نگهدارنده در صنایع پخت معرفی شوند. 67 74 زهرا شیخ‌الاسلامی Z. Sheikholeslami Agricultural engineering research department. Khorasan Razavi agricultural and natural Resources research education center, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Mashhad, I. R. Iran Iran مهدی کریمی M. Karimi Agricultural engineering research department. Khorasan Razavi agricultural and natural Resources research education center, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Mashhad, I. R. Iran Iran تکتم هجرانی T. T. Hejrani Department of Food Science and Technology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, I. R. Iran Iran نپتون بیدلی N. Biedly Agricultural engineering research department. Khorasan Razavi agricultural and natural Resources research education center, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Mashhad, I. R. Iran Iran کنسانتره آلو پوره آلو نان مسطح ویژگی های رئولوژیک زمان ماندگاری AACC, (2000). Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemist, 10th edition.##Ahlborn, G. J., Pike, O.A., Hendrix, S. B., Hess, W. 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1 تراریزش توام گیاه برنج به روش زیست‌پرتابی با استفاده از نانوذرات طلا Biolistic co-transformation of rice using gold nanoparticles https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4755.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4755 1 ABSTRACT- In order to produce transgenic rice lines lacking selectable marker gene, biolistic co-transformation technique using gold nanoparticles was adopted. In the first step, the efficiency of different sizes of gold particles was evaluated. The results showed that the efficiency of the nanoparticles in the transformation was comparable to that of the micro particles. Subsequently, two separate plasmids including p UBC harboring cry IA (c) gene and pTRA132 carrying hph gene as selectable marker gene were mixed and coated with gold nanoparticles. Embryo genic calli originated from mature rice seeds were targeted with plasmid-coated nan projectiles. Putative transgenic cells were selected from selection media after three subcultures in MS medium were supplemented with 50 mg hygromycine B l-1 in three weeks' intervals. The selected calli were then grown into putative transgenic plantlets. Molecular analysis performed on the regenerated lines showed that at least one copy of both genes was inserted into the genome of some transgenic lines. RT-PCR analysis also confirmed successful transcription of the cry IA (c) gene. Accordingly, it could be concluded that the biolistic co-transformation method using gold nanoparicles could be a successful method for gene delivery into rice varieties. Nevertheless, expression of cry IA (c) gene and loci of both genes should still be investigated in future studies. 0 چکیده-به منظور تولید لاین‌های برنج تراریخته مقاوم به آفات که فاقد ژن نشانگر انتخابی باشد، تکنیک ریزپرتابی با استفاده از نانوذرات طلا مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. در نخستین گام، کارایی نانوذرات طلا با اندازه‌های مختلف مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که نانوذرات طلا می‌توانند به اندازه میکروذرات در انتقال ژن کارایی داشته باشند. در گام بعد، دو پلاسمید مجرا مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. پلاسمید puBC حامل ژن cry1A(c) و فاقد ژن مارکر انتخابی به همراه پلاسمید  pTRA132 حاوی ژن مقاومت به هیگرومایسین به عنوان نشانگر انتخابی مخلوط شده و سپس با نانوذرات طلا پوشش داده شدند. این مخلوط پلاسمیدها به کالوس‌های جنین‌زایی که از بذور رسیده منشا گرفته و دارای توان تقسیم سلولی و باززایی بالایی بودند، به روش ریزپرتابه وارد شدند. سلول‌های تراریخته احتمالی از بافت‌های بمباران شده پس از 3 دوره گزینش در محیط کالوس‌زایی N6 حاوی 50 میلی‌گرم در لیتر هیگرومایسین B مورد گزینش قرار گرفتند. نهایتاً کالوس‌های مقاوم به هیگرومایسین در محیط باززایی MS  حاوی 50 میلی‌گرم در لیتر هیگرومایسین B باززا شدند. در نهایت گیاهان تراریخته احتمالی حاصل با آنالیزهای مولکولی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. این آنالیزها نشان داد که حداقل یک نسخه از ژن مورد نظر به گیاهان تراریخته وارد شده است. آنالیز RT-PCR نیز تأیید کرد که ژن cryIA(c) در گیاهان تراریخته قابلیت رونویسی و بیان ژن را دارد. لذا می‌توان استنباط کرد که استفاده از روش ریزپرتابه و نانوذرات طلا می‌تواند یه روش کارا و موثر در انتقال ژن و تولید گیاهان تراریخته به ویژه در گیاه برنج مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 75 82 سید الیاس مرتضوی S. 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1 تاثیر مثبت تیتانیوم در رشد، فتوسنتز و صفات تغذیه‌ای گوجه-فرنگی رقم Foria Beneficial effect of titanium on plant growth, photosynthesis and nutrient trait of tomato cv. Foria https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4804.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4804 1 ABSTRACT- Titanium is a beneficial element for plant since its promotive effect on plant metabolism has been well documented. However, the physiological role of this trace element in tomato is not clear. This experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design to study two concentrations of titanium (1 and 2 mg/L Ti) and 0 as control on physiological and nutrient properties of tomato cv. Foria with 4 replications. Plant growth (fresh and dry weight, root volume and flower number), greeness Index (SPAD value), photosynthesis and nutrient parameters of tomato were evaluated. The result of nutrient use efficacy (NUE) showed that NUE of K, Ca and Mn improved by Ti supplementation and Zn use efficiency decreased by increasing Ti concentration. The earliest flower induction was observed at 2 mg/L Ti. Root volume increased by both Ti concentration and root fresh weight increased at 2 mg/L Ti. Greeness Index (SPAD value (and PWUE were not influenced by Ti application. Results showed that photosynthesis rate increased by increasing Ti concentration. Transpiration was reduced at the highest Ti concentration. Based on the results, Ti increased plant growth and photosynthesis through increasing nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency. 0 چکیده-تیتانیوم عنصری سودمند برای گیاهان است اما نقش فیزیولوژیکی این عنصر کمیاب در گوجه­فرنگی هنوز مشخص نیست. این آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی برای مطالعه دو غلظت تیتانیوم(1 and 2 mg/L) و غلظت صفر به عنوان شاهد بر خواص تغذیه­ای و فیزیولوژیکی گوجه فرنگی رقم Foria با 4 تکرار انجام شد. شاخص­های رشد گیاه (وزن تر و خشک، حجم ریشه و تعداد گل)، شاخص سبزینگی، فتوسنتز و تغذیه­ای گوجه­فرنگی ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد تیتانیوم غلظت K, Cs, Mn, Cu را کاهش و  غلظت آهن را افزایش داد و تاثیر معنی­داری بر میزان تیتانیوم گیاه نداشت. جذب کلسیم، پتاسیم و تیتانیوم تحت تاثیر تیتانیوم قرار نگرفت در حالیکه جذب آهن، مس و روی در برگ تحت تاثیر تیتانیوم کاهش یافت. نتایج کارایی استفاده از عناصر نشان داد که کارایی استفاده از عناصر پتاسیم، کلسیم و منگنز با کاربرد تیتانیوم بهبود یافت و کارایی استفاده روی با افزایش غلظت تیتانیوم کاهش یافت. سریعترین گل­آغازی در غلظت 2 میلی­گرم در لیتر تیتانیوم مشاهده شد. حجم ریشه با هردو غلظت تیتانیوم افزایش یافت و وزن تر ریشه با غلظت 2 میلی­گرم در لیتر تیتانیوم افزایش یافت. شاخص سبزینگی و کارایی مصرف آب فتوسنتزی تحت تاثیر کاربرد تیتانیوم قرار نگرفت. نتایج نشان داد که نرخ فتوسنتز با افزایش غلظت تیتانیوم افزایش یافت. میزان تعرق در بالاترین غلظت تیتانیوم کاهش داشت. براساس نتایج ما، تیتانیوم رشد و فتوسنتز گیاه را از طریق افزایش جذب عناصر و کارایی استفاده از عناصر افزایش داد. 83 88 مریم حقیقی M. Haghighi Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, I. R. Iran Iran بهاره دانشمند B. Daneshmand Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, I. R. Iran Iran واژه‏های کلیدی: عناصر سودمند بهره وری استفاده از عناصر فتوسنتز رشدگیاه Alcaraz Lopez, C., Botia, M., Alcaraz, C. F., & Riquelme, F. (2003). Effects of foliar sprays containing calcium, magnesium and titanium on plum (Prunus domestica L.) fruit quality. Plant Physiology, 160, 1441–1446.##Bedrosian, A. J., & Hanna, W. J. (1966). Trace element relationships in New Jersey soils. Soil Sci 101, 50, 56.##Carvajal, M., & Alcaraz, C. F. (1995). Effect of Ti(IV) on Fe activity in organs and organelles of Capsicum annuum L. Plant Phytochemisity, 35, 977–980.##Carvajal, M., Martínez Sánchez, F., & Alcaraz, C. F. (1994). Effect of Ti (IV) on some physiological activity indicators of Capsicum annuum L. plants. 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1 بنزیل آدنین نسبت به سیلیکات پتاسیم در کاهش اثرات مضرتنش گرما بر فلفل موثرتر است Benzyl adenine is more effective than potassium silicate on decreasing the detrimental effects of heat stress in pepper (Capsicum annum cv. PS301) https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4890.html 10.22099/iar.2018.4890 1 ABSTRACT- Heat stress causes flower and fruit abscission in pepper. This study was conducted in the greenhouses of Isfahan University of Technology to evaluate the effect of foliar application of Benzyl adenine (BA) and potassium silicate (K2SiO3) under heat stress condition on bell pepper. Two factorial experiments based on completely randomized design with four concentrations of BA (0, 0.06, 0.6 and 6 ppm) and the second with two levels of K2SiO3 (0 and 5 Mm) both in two temperature treatments (25±2 (optimum) 35±2  (high temperature)) with six replicates were conducted. The results of the study indicated that the use of BA (especially 6 ppm) promoted growth parameters and increased proline, phenol and antioxidant content. Also, application of BA 6 ppm improved cell membrane stability assessed via decreasing electrolyte leakage (EL) and also reduced flower abscission in bell pepper. BA at 6 ppm increased plant height, shoot and root dry weight, proline and total phenol, root fresh weight, potassium (K) concentration and decreased flower abscission. Antioxidant content increased with heat stress in all BA levels. Results of the study indicated that fresh and dry weight of root and K concentration increased with 5 mM K2SiO3. Moreover, root fresh weight and K concentration and antioxidant content increased in 5 mM K2SiO3 under heat stress. 0 چکیده- تنش گرما موجب ریزش گل و میوه در فلفل می­گردد. این پژوهش در گلخانه­های دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر کاربرد برگی بنزیل آدنین (BA) و سیلیکات پتاسیم (K2SiO3) تحت شرایط تنش گرما بر فلفل دلمه­ای انجام شد. دو آزمایش فاکتوریل بر اساس طرح کاملا تصادفی با چهار غلظت BA (0، 06/0، 6/0و 6 پی پی ام) و دومین بار با دو سطح K2SiO3(0 و 5 میلی­مولار) در دو تیمار دمایی( اپتیمم (2±25) و دمای بالا (2±35)) با شش تکرار انجام شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که استفاده BA (بخصوص غلظت 6 پی­پی­ام) فاکتورهای رشد را بهبود می­بخشد، پرولین، میزان فنول و محتوای آنتی­اکسیدان را افزایش می­دهد. همچنین کاربرد BA با غلظت 6 پی­پی­ام  پایداری غشا سلولی را بهبود می­بخشد یا نشت یونی را در فلفل دلمه­ای را کاهش می­دهد و همچنین ریزش گل را کاهش می­دهد. بنابراین کاربرد BA اثرمنفی تنش گرما را کاهش می­دهد. BA با غلظت 6 پی­پی­ام، ارتفاع گیاه و ریزش گل را بهبود می­بخشد، کاهش وزن تر و خشک شاخساره و ریشه، پرولین و فنول کل را کاهش می­دهد. وزن تر ریشه و غلظت پتاسیم را افزایش و ریزش گل را کاهش می­دهد. محتوای آنتی­اکسیدان با تنش گرما در همه سطوح BA  افزایش می­یابد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می­دهد که وزن تر و خشک ریشه و غلظت پتاسیم با غلظت سیلیکات پتاسیم 5 میلی­مولار افزایش می­یابد. همچنین، در غلظت 5 میلی­مولار سیلیکات پتاسیم ، وزن تر ریشه و غلظت پتاسیم بهبود و محتوای آنتی­اکسیدان تحت تنش گرما افزایش می­یابد. 89 98 مرجان طاهری M. Taheri Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, I. R. Iran Iran مریم حقیقی M. Haghighi Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, I. R. Iran Iran محتوای آنتی‌اکسیدان پرولین فنول ریزش گل Abdel Aziz, F. E., El Quesni, E. M., & Farahat, M. M. (2007). 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