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1 اثر کود دامی، کمپوست زباله شهری و نیتروژن برجوامع علف های هرز مزرعه ذرت (Zea mays L.) Effects of manure, municipal waste compost and nitrogen on weed communities in corn (Zea mays L.) https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3099.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3099 1 A two year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of municipal waste compost (C), composted cattle manure (M), and nitrogen (N) on growth and composition of weeds in a corn field in Shiraz using a split-split plot design with 3 replicates. Visual inspection of the plots showed that the manure treatments neither introduced new weed species nor increased weed density more than the other treatments. In both years of the experiment, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), high mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) were dominant species, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that wild safflower (Carthamus spp.) was associated with control, redroot pigweed with 25 ton (t) compost ha-1, and 50 t compost ha-1, prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blioides L.) with N, and ground cherry (Physalis alkekengi L.) with 50 t manure ha-1. Our results showed that contrary to the idea that application of manure might increase the risk of new weed species introduction and/or abundance of certain weed species, no introduction of new weed species or increase in certain weed species was obviously found. 0 آزمایش مزرعه ای دو ساله به منظور بررسی اثرات کمپوست زباله شهری، کود دامی ، و نیتروژن بر رشد و ترکیب علف های هرز مزرعه ذرت انجام شد. طرح آزمایشی اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات با 3 تکرار بود. بازرسی چشمی از پلاتها نشان دادکه تیمارهای کود دامی باعث شیوع گونه های علف هرز جدید نشد و همچنین تراکم علف‌های هرز را بیشتر از تیمارهای دیگر افزایش نداد. در هر دو سال آزمایش علف‌های هرز غالب به ترتیب عبارت بودند از تاج خروس ریشه قرمز (Amaranthu sretroflexus L.)، پیچک صحرایی (Convolvulus arvensis L.) و پنیرک (Malva sylvestris L.). تجزیه چند متغیره نیز نشان داد گلرنگ وحشی (Carthamus spp.) با تیمار بدون کود، تاج خروس ریشه قرمز با 25 و 50 تن کمپوست در هکتار، تاج خروس خوابیده (Amaranthus blioides L.) با نیتروژن و عروسک پشت پرده (Physalis alkekengi L.) با 50 تن کود دامی در هکتار رابطه داشت. به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد بر خلاف این ایده که استفاده ازکود دامی ممکن است باعث افزایش خطرمعرفی گونه های جدیدعلف هرز و یا باعث افزایش فراوانی برخی ازگونه های خاص علف هرز شود، در پژوهش حاضر گونه علف هرز جدید و یا افزایش فراوانی گونه خاص علف هرز مشاهده نشد. 1 7 روح الله نادری خراجی Rouhollah Nederi Kharraji Department of Agroecology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Darab, I. R. Iran Iran rnaderi@shirazu.ac.ir حسین غدیری Hosein Ghadiri Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran ghadiri@shirazu.ac.ir افزودنی های آلی ترکیب علف های هرز کود شیمیایی مزرعه ذرت Abouziema, H.F., El-Karmany, M.F., Singh, M., & Sharma, S. D. (2007). Effect of nitrogen rates and weed control treatments on maize yield and associated weeds in sandy soils. Weed Technology, 21, 1049–1053.##Andreasen, C., Litz, A. S., & Streibig, J.C. (2006). Growth response of six weed species and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) to increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Weed Research, 46, 503–512.##Blackshaw, R.E. (2005). Nitrogen fertilizer, manure and compost effects on weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Agronomy, 97, 1612–1621.##Blackshaw, R.E., Molnar, L. J., & Larney, F.J. (2005). Fertilizer, manure and compost effects on weed growth and competition with winter wheat in western Canada. Crop Protection, 24, 971–980.## Blackshaw, R.E., & Brandt, R.N. (2008). Nitrogen fertilizer rate effects on weed competitiveness is species dependent. Weed Science, 56, 743–747.##Blackshaw, R.E., Brandt, R.N., Janzen, H.H., Grant, C.A., & Derksen, D.A. 2003. Differential response of weed species to added nitrogen. Weed Science, 51, 532–539.##Carlson, H.L., & Hill, J.E. (1985). Wild oat (Avena fatua) competition with spring wheat: effects of nitrogen fertilization. Weed Science, 34, 29–33.##Cathcart, R.J., & Swanton, C. J. (2004). Nitrogen management will influence threshold values of green foxtail (Setaria viridis) in corn. Weed Science, 51, 975–986.##Cook, A. M., Posner, J.L., & Baldock, J.O. (2007). Effects of dairy manure and weed management on weed communities in corn on Wisconsin cash-grain farms. Weed Technology, 21, 389–395##Davis, A.S., & Liebman, M. (2001). Nitrogen source influences wild mustard growth and competitive effect on sweet corn. Weed Science, 49,  558–566.##Davis, A.S., Renner, K.A., & Gross, K.L. (2005). Weed seedbank and community shifts in a long-term cropping systems experiment. Weed Science, 53, 296-306.##Dhima, K.V., & Eleftherohorinos, I.G. (2001). Influence of nitrogen on competition between winter cereals and sterile oat. Weed Science, 49, 77–82.##Eghball, B. (2002). Soil properties as influenced by phosphorus- and nitrogen-based manure and compost applications. Agronomy, 94, 128–135.##Eghball, B., & Power, J.F. (1999). Composted and non-composted manure application to conventional and no-tillage systems: corn yield and nitrogen uptake. Agronomy, 91, 819–825.##Hole, D.G., Perkins, A.J., Wilson, J. D., Alexander, I.H. Grice, P.V., & Evans, A.D.  (2005). Does organic farming benefit biodiversity?  Biological Conservation, 122, 113-130.##Jakobsen, S. (1995). Aerobic decomposition of organic wastes 2. Value of compost as fertilizer. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 13, 57–71.##Kazemeini, S.A.R., Ghadiri, H., Karimian, N., Kamgar Haghighi, A.A., & Kheradnam. M. (2008). Interaction effect of nitrogen and organic matters on growth and yield of dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum). Agriculture and Natural Resources, 12, 461-473. (In Persian).##Kazemeini, S.A.R. (2007). Interaction effects of organic matter types, nitrogen, and weeds on dryland wheat growth and yield. Ph.D. Thesis. Shiraz University. Shiraz. Iran. (In Persian).##Klironomos, J.N. (2002). Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities. Nature, 417, 67–70.##Liebman, M., Menalled, F.D., Buhler, D.D., Richard, T., Sundberg, D., Cambardella, C., & Kohler, K. (2004). Impacts of composted swine manure on weed and corn nutrient uptake, growth, and competitive interactions. Weed Science, 52, 365–375.##Maftoun, M., Moshiri, F., Karimian, N., & Ronaghi, A. (2004). Effects of two organic wastes in combination with phosphorus on growth and chemical composition of spinach and soil properties. Plant Nutrition, 27, 1651-1635.##Menalled, F.D., Buhler, D.D., & Liebman, M. (2005). Composted swine manure effects on germination and early growth of crop and weed species under greenhouse conditions. Weed Technology, 19, 784-789.##Miyazawa, K., Tsuji, H., Yamagata, M., Nakano, H., & Nakamoto, H. (2004). Response of weed flora to combination of reduced tillage, biocide application and fertilization practices in a 3-year crop rotation. Weed Biology and Management, 4, 24-34.##Mt. Pleasant, J., & Schlather, K.J. (1994). Incidence of weed seed in cow (Bos sp.) manure and its importance as a weed source for cropland. Weed Technology, 8, 304-310.##Naderi, R., & Ghadiri, H. (2011). Competition of wild mustard (Sinapis arvense L.) densities with rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Agricultural Science and Technology, 13, 45-51.##Stevenson, F.C., Legere, A., Simard, R.R., & Pageau, D. (1997). Weed species diversity in spring barley varies with crop rotation and tillage, but not with nutrient source. Weed Science, 45, 798-806.##Yin, L., Cai, Z., & Zhong, W. (2004). Changes in weed composition of winter wheat crops due to long-term fertilization. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 107, 181-186.##Yin, L., Cai, Z., & Zhong, W. (2006). Changes in weed community diversity of maize crops due to long-term fertilization. Crop Protection, 25, 910-914.##

1 کاربرد شیره خرما به عنوان سوبسترا جهت تولید کاروتنوئید توسط رودوترولا گلوتینیس Utilization of date syrup as a substrate for carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinis https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3100.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3100 1 The potential use of date syrup, for the production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinisin batch fermentation process, was investigated during 7 days. The results revealed that carbon (glucose or date syrup) and nitrogen sources [yeast extract, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3] had a significant influence on biomass and carotenoid production. Maximum yield of total carotenoid production (7.94 mg/L) with carotene content (2040 μg/g) and biomass (3.90 g/L) was obtained from R. glutinis after 7 days of fermentation in a substrate containing date syrup and yeast extract. The highest biomass (8.03 g/L) was obtained in the culture containing glucose and yeast extract, while the total carotenoid content of 6.72 mg/L with 836.86 μg/g carotene was produced in this medium. Significant differences were observed when comparing the average biomass and total carotenoid productions in different cultures and fermentation times. Our results demonstrated that date syrup (from low quality dates), as aby-product at a lower price, could be profitably used as a suitable carbon source for carotenoid production by R. glutinis. 0 امکان استفاده از شیره خرما جهت تولید کاروتنوئید توسط رودوترولا گلوتینیس، در فرایند تخمیر غیر مداوم طی 7 روز بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که منبع کربن (گلوکز یا شیره خرما) و منبع نیتروژن (عصاره مخمر، سولفات آمونیوم و نیترات آمونیوم) تاثیر قابل توجهی بر تولید زیست توده و کاروتنوئید داشت. حداکثر بازدهی تولید کاروتنوئید کل ( mg/L94/7) با محتوی کاروتنμg/g 2040 و زیست توده g/L 90/3 توسط رودوترولا گلوتنیس در مدت زمان 7 روزدر سوبسترای حاوی شیره خرما به عنوان تنها منبع کربوهیدرات و عصاره مخمر حاصل شد بیشترین میزان زیست توده g/L03/8 در محیط حاوی گلوکز و عصاره مخمر ایجاد شد، درحالی‌که میزان کاروتنوئید کل (mg/L 72/6) حاوی μg/g 86/836 کاروتن در این محیط تولید گردید. بین زمان‌های مختلف تخمیر و نیز محیط‌های کشت مختلف از نظر تولید زیست توده و تولید کاروتنوئید تفاوت معناداری مشاهده شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد که شیره خرما (از خرماهای با کیفیت پایین) به عنوان محصول جانبی با قیمت پایین می‌تواند به عنوان منبع کربن مناسب برای تولید کاروتنوئید توسط رودوترولا گلوتینیس مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 8 13 مرضیه موسوی نسب MARZIEH MOOSAVI NASAB Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran marzieh.moosavi-nasab@mail.mcgill.ca الهه عابدی Elaheh Abedi Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran mosavi@shirazu.a.c سحر السادات موسوی نسب Sahar Moosavi-Nasab Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran mosavii@shirazu.ac محصول جانبی شیره خرما کاروتنوئید میکروبی رودوترولا گلوتینیس Aksu, Z., & Eren, A.T. (2007). Production of carotenoids by the isolated yeast of Rhodotorula glutinis. Biochemical Engineering, 35, 107-113.##Al-Farsi, M., Alasalvar, C., Morris, A., Baron, M., & Shahidi, F. (2005a).Comparison of antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolics of three native fresh and sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry American Chemical Society, 53, 7592-7599.##Al-Farsi, M., Alasalvar, C., Morris, A., Baron, M., & Shahidi F. (2005b). Compositional and sensory characteristics of three native sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry American Chemical Society, 53, 7586-7591.##Al-Shahib, W., & Marshall, R.J. (2003). The fruit of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Possible use as the best food of the future. Inter. Journal of Food Science, 54, 247-259.##AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (2002). 17th (ed).The Association of Official Analytical Chemistry, In, Washington, DC.##Bhosale, P., &Gadre, R.V. (2001).Production of β-Carotene by a mutant of Rhodotorula glutinis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 55, 423-427.##Biglari, F., AlKarkhi, A.F.M., & Easa, A.M. (2008). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Iran. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry American Chemical Society, 107, 1636-1641.##Buzzini, P. (2000). An optimization study of carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinis DBVPG 3853 from substrates containing concentrated rectified grape must as the sole carbohydrate source. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 24, 41-45.##production was affected by nitrogen source. The best total carotenoids production rate could be obtained from culture contained date syrup and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.## Buzzini, P. (2001). Batch and fed-batch carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinis Debaryomycescastellii co-cultures in corn syrup. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 90, 843-847.##Buzzini, P., & Martini A. (1999). Production of carotenoids by strains of Rhodotorula glutinis cultured in raw materials of agro-industrial origin. Bioresource Technology, 71, 41-44.##Córdova-Murueta1, J.H., García-Carreño1, F.L., de los Ángeles, M.,& del-Toro1, N.(2013). pH-Solubilzation Process as an Alternative to Enzymatic Hydrolysis Applied to Shrimp Waste. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13, 639-646.##Edge, R., McGravy, D.J., & Truscott, T.G. (1997). The carotenoids as antioxidants-are view. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 41, 189-200.##Frengova, G.I., Simova, E.D.,  Pavlova, K., Beshkova, D., & Grigorova, D. (1994). Formation of carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis in whey ultrafiltrate. Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 44, 888-894.##Hennekens, C.H. (1997). β-carotene supplementation and cancer prevention. Nutrition, 13, 697-699.##Munson, L.S., & Walker, P.H. (1906).The unification of reducing sugar methods. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 28, 663.##Mehaia, M.A., & Cheryan, M. (1991). Fermentation date extracts to ethanol and vinegar in batch and continuous membrane reactors. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 13, 257-261.##Perrier, V., Dubreucq, E., & Glazy, P. (1995).Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of Rhodotorula strains. Archives of Microbiology, 164, 173-179.##Peterson, W.J., Evans, W.R., Leecce, E., Bell, T.A., & Etchells, J.L. (1958). Quantitative determination of the carotenoids in yeast of the genus Rhodotorula. Journal of Bacteriology, 75, 586-591.##Shih, C.T., Hang, & Y.D. (1996).Production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula rubra from sauerkraut brine. Le besm Wiss und-Technology, 29, 570-572.##Simpson, K.L., Chichester, C.O., & Phaff, H.J. (1971). Carotenoid pigments of yeast. In The yeasts, Vol. 2, A.H. Rose, J.S. Harrison (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 493-515.##

1 بهبود رشد رویشی و زایشی توت فرنگی رقم پاروس با محلول پاشی و کاربرد خاکی هیومیک اسید Improving growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry by foliar and soil drench applications of humic acid https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3031.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3031 1 Organic compounds including seaweed extract were applied in organic production system and sustainable agriculture. One of these compounds is humic acid that was used widely in research and commercial programs. Humic acid is an organic acid obtained from humus and other natural resources with hormonal effects and improving nutrient absorption, increasing root and shoot biomass. In order to investigate the effect of foliar and soil drench applications of humic acid on growth responses of strawberry, this research was conducted as a completely randomized design. Well-rooted daughter strawberry cv. Paros plants were potted in 3 liter plastic pots filled with leaf mold, field soil and sand (1:1:1 v:v:v). After the establishment of plants, Greenhum (13.5% humic acid) was sprayed at 300, 600, 900, and 1200 mg L-1 and soil drench was applied at 300, 450, 600, and 750 mg L-1 (250 ml pot-1). Results showed that foliar application at 600 and 900 mg L-1 produced the highest dry mass of shoot and root. Total acid of fruit in 750 mg L-1 soil application and in 300 mg L-1 foliar application were significantly higher than untreated control plants. The greatest vitamin C and TSS were obtained from 900 and 600 mg L-1 foliar application treatments, respectively. The highest flower numbers and yield were produced in 900 mg L-1 foliar application. In general, foliar application of Greenhum, especially at 600 and 900 mg L-1, significantly increased most evaluated parameters. 0 ترکیبات آلی از جمله عصاره جلبک های دریایی در کشاورزی ارگانیک و پایدار به کار برده می شوند. یکی از این ترکیبات هیومیک اسید است که به طور گسترده در پروژه های پژوهشی و تجاری کاربرد دارد. هیومیک اسید یک اسید آلی است که از هوموس و ترکیبات طبیعی به دست می آید و اثرات هورمونی داشته و باعث افزایش جذب عناصر غذایی و زیست توده ریشه و اندام هوایی می شود. به منظور بررسی اثر محلول پاشی و کاربرد خاکی هیومیک اسید بر پاسخ های توت فرنگی، پژوهش حاضر به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد. گیاهان دختری ریشه دار شده توت فرنگی رقم پاروس در گلدان های پلاستیکی 3 لیتری پر شده با خاک برگ، خاک مزرعه و ماسه، (1:1:1 حجمی) کاشته شدند. پس از استقرار گیاهان ترکیب Greenhum (حاوی 5/13% هیومیک اسید به عنوان ماده موثره) با غلظت های 0، 300، 600، 900 و 1200 میلی گرم در لیتر به صورت محلول پاشی و 0، 300، 450، 600 و 750 میلی گرم در لیتر به صورت خاکی به کاربرده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که محلول پاشی این ترکیب در غلظت های 600 و 900 میلی گرم در لیتر بالاترین وزن خشک ریشه و شاخساره را ایجاد کرد. اسید کل میوه در کاربرد خاکی هیومیک اسید به میزان 750 میلی گرم در لیتر و محلول پاشی 300 میلی گرم در لیتر به طور معنی دار بیشتر از گیاهان شاهد بود. بالاترین ویتامین ث و TSS میوه به ترتیب از گیاهان محلول پاشی شده با 900 و 600 میلی گرم در لیتر به دست آمد. بالاترین تعداد گل و عملکرد را گیاهان تیمار شده با محلول پاشی 900 میلی گرم در لیتر تولید کردند. به طور کلی کاربرد گرین هام به ویژه در غلظت های 600 و 900 میلی گرم در لیتر به صورت محلول پاشی بیشتر پارامترهای بررسی شده را به طور معنی دار افزایش دادند. 14 20 سعید عشقی Saeid Eshghi Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran eshghi@shirazu.ac.ir مهدی گاراژیان Mehdi Garazhian Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran Iran garazhian@gmail.com Fragaria ananassa هیومیک اسید عصاره جلبک دریایی Albayrak, S., & Carna, N. (2005). Effects of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield components of forage turnip. Journal of Agronomy4,2, 130-133.##Ameri, A., & Tehranifar, A. (2012). Effect of humic acid on nutrient uptake and physiological characteristic Fragaria ananassa cv. Camarosa. Journal of Biological and Environmental Science6, 16, 77-79.##Atiyeh, R.M., Lee, S., Edwards, C.A., Arancon, N.Q., & Metzger, J.D. (2002). The influence of humic acid derived from earthworm-processed organic wastes on plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 84, 7-14.##Baldotto, L.E.B., Baldotto, M.A., Canellas, L.P., Bressan-Smith, R., & Olivares, F.L. (2010). Growth promotion of pineapple ‘Victoria’ by humicacids and Burkholderiaspp. during acclimatization. Revista Brasileira de Ciênciado Solo, 34, 1593-1600.##Bohme, M., & ThiLua, H. (1997). Influence of mineral and organic treatments in the rhizosphere on the growth of tomato plants. Acta Horticulturae, 450, 161-168.##Cacco G., & Dell Agnolla, G.(1984). Plant growth regulator activity of soluble humic substances. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 64, 25-28.##Celik, H., Katkat, A.V., Ayk, B.B., & Turan, M.A. (2008). Effects of soil application of humus on dry mass and mineral nutrients uptake of maize under calcareous soil conditions. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 54(6), 605-614.##Chen, Y., Clapp, C.E., & Magen,H. (2004). Mechanisms of plant growth stimulation by humic substances: The role of organo-iron complexes. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50, 1089-1095.##Chen, Y., & Aviad, T. (1990). Effect of humic substances on plant growth. In:Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences: Selected Readings, P. Maccarthy (ed), pp. 161-186, Madison, Wisconsin.##Cimrin, K.M., & Yylmaz, Y. (2005). Humic acid applications to lettuce do not improve yield but do improve phosphorus availability. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant, 55, 58-63.##David, P.P., Nelson, P.V.& Sanders, D.C. (1994). A humic acid improves growth of tomato seedling in solution culture. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 17(1), 173-184.##Dursun, A., Guvenc, I., & Turan, M. (2002). Effects of different levels of humic acid on seedling growth and macro- and micro-nutrient contents of tomato and eggplant. Acta Agrobotanica, 56, 81-88.##El-Mohamedy, R.S.R., & Ahmed, M.A. (2009). Effect of biofertilizers and humic acid on control of dry root rot disease and improvement yield quality of mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(2), 127-137.##Eyheraguibel, B., Silvestre, J., & Morard, P. (2008). Effects of humic substances derived from organic waste enhancement on the growth and mineral nutrition of maize. Bioresource Technology, 99(10), 4206-4212.##Farouk, S., Mosa, A.A., Taha, A.A., Heba, M., Ibrahim, M., & EL-Gahmery, A.M. (2011). Protective effect of humic acid and chitosan on radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) plants subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry, 7(2), 99-116.##Hartwigson, J.A., & Evans, M.R. (2000). Humic acid seed and substrate treatments promote seedling root development. HortScience,35(7), 1231-1233.##Hafez, M.M. (2004). Effect of some sources of nitrogen fertilizer and concentration of humic acid on the productivity of squash plant. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science, 19, 293-309.##Katkat, A.V., Celik,H., Murat, A.T., & Bulent, B.A. (2009). Effects of soil and foliar applications of humic substances on dry mass and mineral nutrients uptake of wheat under calcareous soil conditions. 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1 برنامه بندی آبیاری و تخمین عملکرد دانه گیاه گندم زمستانه تحت شرایط عدم قطعیت آب و هوایی Irrigation scheduling and winter wheat grain yield estimation under precipitation uncertainty – A case study in Badjgah area (Fars Province, Iran) https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3039.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3039 1 Addressing deficit irrigation scheduling (DIS) for strategic crop production (especially wheat) under precipitation uncertainty is a priority for irrigation scheduling in drought conditions. This research investigated the precipitation uncertainty by enacting optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the next 20 years by considering the statistical record of climate in Badjgah area. DIS was conducted in spring in two ways: (1) reducing the quantity of irrigation water at each irrigation event; (2) reducing the number of full irrigation events. Results indicated that, owing to the effect of precipitation increase on yield enhancement, grain yield in the optimistic scenario was on average 7% higher than those obtained in the pessimistic scenario. Furthermore, grain yields obtained via the second method of DIS was on average 8% higher than those obtained by the first method of DIS and further by increasing the water reduction fraction (WRF) to 0.6, this difference reached about 20% due to the effect of early spring irrigation events on yield enhancement. At low irrigation application efficiency (Ea), the difference between DIS methods was greater at higher WRF. Net income obtained through the second method of DIS was on average 70% higher than those obtained via the first method of irrigation for all conditions due to decreasing the number of irrigation events and thus decreasing the production costs. Eventually, results indicated that in both scenarios of the precipitation uncertainty in drought conditions, the second method of DIS, i. e., application of available water based on growth stage, was more fruitful. 0 پرداختن به برنامه بندی کم آبیاری محصولات استراتژیک (مخصوصاً گندم) تحت شرایط عدم قطعیت آب و هوایی در شرایط فعلی یک اولویت می باشد. ما عدم قطعیت آب و هوایی را با شبیه سازی دو سناریو خوش بینانه و بدبینانه برای 20 سال آینده بررسی کردیم که این بررسی با استفاده از داده های آماری هواشناسی ثبت شده در منطقه مورد مطالعه انجام شد. برنامه بندی کم آبیاری در فصل بهار به دو طریق انجام شد: (1) کاهش در مقدار آب آبیاری در هر یک از وقایع آبیاری. (2) کاهش تعداد وقایع آبیاری کامل. نتایج نشان دادند که به دلیل تأثیر افزایش بارندگی در افزایش عملکرد، عملکرد دانه در سناریو خوش بینانه بالاتر است. همچنین عملکردهای دانه به دست آمده در روش دوم برنامه بندی کم آبیاری بیشتر از روش اول است و با افزایش کسر کاهش آب تا 6/0، این اختلاف بیشتر می شود. این نشان می دهد که وقایع آبیاری مربوط به ابتدای فصل بهار اهمیت خیلی بیشتری نسبت به آبیاری های آخر فصل بهار دارد. در راندمان های پایین کاربرد آب در مزرعه، اختلاف قابل ملاحظه ای بین روش های برنامه بندی آبیاری در کسرهای بالاتر کاهش آب مشاهده شد. درآمد خالص به دست آمده در روش برنامه بندی کم آبیاری دوم در تمام شرایط از روش اول بیشتر بود که این به دلیل کاهش تعداد وقایع آبیاری و در نتیجه کاهش هزینه های تولید در روش دوم نسبت به روش اول می باشد. نهایتاً نتایج نشان داد که در هر دو سناریو عدم قطعیت آب و هوایی، روش دوم برنامه بندی کم آبیاری ارجح می باشد. 21 30 - - mohhamad moghimi Department Irrigation, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran moghimi@fasau.ac.ir علیرضا سپاسخواه Alireza Sepaskhah Department Irrigation, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran sepasa@shirau.ac.ir علی اکبر کامگار حقیقی Ali Akbar Kamgar-Haghighi Department Irrigation, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran kamhagh@shirazu.ac.ir کسر کاهش آب راندمان کاربرد آب در مزرعه مدل MEDIWY سناریو آب و هوایی درآمد خالص Abdollahi Ezzatabadi, M. (1996). Economic analysis of alternatives for supply of agricultural water in Rafsanjan. M.Sc. Thesis. Agricultural Economics Department (Unpublished). Shiraz University. Shiraz. I. R. Iran. 197 p.##Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 56, Rome, 300 p.##Cancela, J.J., Cuesta, T.S., Neira, X.X., & Pereira, L.S. (2006). Modelling for improved irrigation water management in a temperate region of Northern Spain. Biosystems Engineering, 94(1), 151–163.##Cordery, I., & Graham, A.C. (1989). Forecasting wheat yields using a water budgeting model. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 40, 715-728.##English, M.J., & Raja, S.N. (1996). Every other furrows of corn irrigation. Transaction of the ASAE, 17, 426-428.##Fateh, M. (2010). Investigation of the effect of different levels of irrigation and seed rates on Shiraz cultivar wheat yield with surface irrigation in Badjgah area (Fars province). M.Sc. Thesis. Irrigation Department (Unpublished). Shiraz University. Shiraz. I. R. Iran. 145 p.##Geerts, S., Raes, D., & Garcia, M. (2010). Using AquaCrop to drive deficit irrigation schedules. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 213-216.## Misra, S.C., Shinde, S., Geerts, S., Rao, V.S., & Monneveux, P. (2010). Can carbon isotope discrimination and ash content predict grain yield and water use efficiency in wheat? Agricultural Water Management, 97, 57-65.##Pereira, L.S., van den Broek, B., Kabat, P., & Allen, R.G. (1995). Crop–Water Simulation Models in Practice. Wageningen Press, Wageningen. 322 p##Pereira, L.S., Paredes, P., Eholpankulov, E.D., Inchenkova O.P., Teodoro, P.R., & Horst, M.G. (2009). Irrigation scheduling strategies for cotton to cope with water scarcity in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia. Agricultural Water Management, 96, 723-735.##Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T., & Zairi, A. (2002). Irrigation management under water scarcity. Agricultural Water Management, 57, 175–206.##Popova, Z., & Pereira, L.S. (2008). Irrigation scheduling for furrow-irrigated maize under climate uncertainties in the Thraceplain, Bulgarian Biosystems Engineering, 99, 587-597.##Razzaghi, F., & Sepaskhah, A.R. (2012). Calibration and validation of four common ET0 estimation equations by lysimeter data in a semi-arid environment. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58(3), 303-319.## Rodrigues, G.C., & Pereira, L.S. (2009). Assessing economic impacts of deficit irrigation as related to water productivity and water costs. Biosystems Engineering, 103, 536-551.##Sepaskhah, A.R., Azizian, A., & Tavakoli, A.R. (2006). Optimal applied water and nitrogen for winter wheat under variable seasonal rainfall and planning scenarios for consequent crops in a semi-arid region. Agricultural Water Management, 84, 113-122.##Sepaskhah A.R., & Tafteh, A. (2012). Yield and nitrogen leaching in rapeseed field under different nitrogen rates and water saving irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 112, 55-62.##Sepaskhah, A.R., & Akbari, D. (2005). Deficit irrigation planning under variable seasonal precipitation. Biosystems Engineering, 92(1), 97–106.##Sepaskhah, A.R., & Ghahraman, B. (2004). The Effects of Irrigation Efficiency and Uniformity Coefficient on Relative Yield and Profit for Deficit Irrigation. 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1 تاثیر کاربرد سیلیسیوم بر رشد گیاهچه ای گندم در شرایط تنش رطوبتی ناشی از پلی اتیلن گلیکول Effect of silicon application on wheat seedlings growth under water-deficit stress induced by polyethylene glycol https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3040.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3040 1 Silicon is known to ameliorate the deleterious effects of drought on plant growth. We evaluated growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. CV. Chamran) under Water-Deficit Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol as affected by Si application. In this article, the effects of Si (as potassium silicate) on some parameters related to growth, chlorophyll concentration relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage, proline, soluble sugar, and inorganic ions in the leaves of wheat under 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) simulative drought stress are investigated. PEG stress depressed the growth of shoot, RWC and chlorophyll concentration. Addition of 1.0 mM Si could partially improve the growth of shoot (but not root) and increase the chlorophyll concentrations of stressed plants. The proline concentration in the leaves was markedly increased under PEG stress, whereas added silicon partially reversed this. PEG stress decreased the leaf soluble sugar concentration. There were significant negative regressions between proline concentration and Shoot dry weight, supporting the view that proline accumulation is a symptom of stress damage rather than stress tolerance. Addition of Si obviously increased Si accumulation in the shoot. Analyses of K, and Ca showed no accumulation of these ions in the shoot under water stress, and added Si even increased their concentrations under water stress. These results suggest that under PEG-induced water stress conditions, increase soluble sugar and decrease electrolyte leakage, contributed to the improved wheat growth by Si. 0 سیلیسیم به‏عنوان اصلاح کننده اثرات تنش خشکی بر رشد گیاه معرف است. در این پژوهش رشد گیاه گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) رقم چمران، تحت شرایط کمبود رطوبتی ناشی از پلی‏اتیلن‏گلیکول و کاربرد سیلیسیم مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. تنش کمبود رطوبت، رشد اندام هوایی گیاه، محتوای نسبی آب و غلظت کلروفیل را کاهش داد. اضافه کردن یک میلی‏مولار سیلیسیم، به‏صورت جزئی باعث بهبود رشد اندام هوایی و افزایش غلظت کلروفیل گیاهان تنش دیده شده است. غلظت پرولین برگ‏ها در شرایط تنش کمبود رطوبت افزایش قابل توجهی داشته و سیلیسیم باعث کاهش آن گردید. تنش کمبود رطوبت، غلظت قندهای محلول برگ را کاهش داد. همبستگی منفی معنی‏داری بین غلظت پرولین و وزن خشک اندام هوایی مشاهده شد که نشان می‏دهد تجمع پرولین، به عنوان یک نشانه‏ای از آسیب تنش تا تحمل آن می‏باشد. اضافه نمودن سیلیسیم، به‏طور واضح غلظت سیلیسیم اندام هوایی را افزایش داد. آنالیزهای پتاسیم و کلسیم نشان داد تجمع این یون‏های در شرایط تنش کمبود رطوبت و کاربرد سیلیسیم نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافته است. نتایج نشان داد که در شرایط تنش کمبود رطوبتی ناشی از پلی‏اتیلن‏گلیکول، رشد گیاه از طریق افزایش قندهای محلول و کاهش نشت الکتولیتی به‏وسیله سیلیسیم بهبود یافته است. 31 38 عزیز کرملاچعب Aziz Karmollachaab Department of Agronomy, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Khuzestan, I. 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1 واکنش رشد و عملکرد دو رقم سورگوم علوفه‌ای به مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن Growth and yield responses of two forage sorghum cultivars to different nitrogen fertilizer rates https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3041.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3041 1 In order to evaluate the impact of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, a 2-year field experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Two factorial experiments were carried out in randomized block design with three replicates, in which the treatments included nitrogen fertilizer at three levels: 69 (N1), 138 (N2) and 205 (N3) kg N ha-1 and two sorghum cultivars: Pegah and KFS2. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer enhanced plant height, leaf area index, fresh weight, total dry weight and biological yield significantly so that these traits were higher in N3 as 5.71, 22.8, 8.13, 22.5, and 8.7% than N1, respectively. Furthermore, increasing nitrogen rate had additive effect on crop growth rate, relative growth rate, biomass duration and leaf area duration. Comparing the cultivars, it was found that, plant height, fresh weight, total dry weight and biological yield were higher in Pegah than KFS2 cultivar. Results also showed that most of the studied traits were superior for Pegah under N3 treatment; so, Pegah cultivar and application of 205 kg N ha-1 might be offered for similar agro-climatic conditions. 0 به منظور ارزیابی تأثیر مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن بر رشد و عملکرد دو رقم سورگوم علوفه‌ای ازمایشی مزرعه‌ای در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز در دو سال زراعی 90-1389 انجام شد. دو ازمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد که در آن تیمارها شامل سه سطح کود نیتروژن (69، 138 و 205 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار) و دو رقم سورگوم (پگاه و KFS2) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که کود نیتروژن به طور معنی‌داری ارتفاع بوته، شاخص سطح برگ، وزن تر، وزن خشک کل و عملکرد بیولوژیک را افزایش داد، به نحوی‌که این صفات در تیمار 205 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به ترتیب 71/5، 8/22، 13/8، 5/22 و 7/8 درصد نسبت به تیمار 69 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار افزایش داشت. علاوه بر این، افزایش میزان نیتروژن اثر افزایشی بر سرعت رشد گیاه، سرعت رشد نسبی، دوام زی‌توده و دوام سطح برگ داشت. در مقایسه ارقام مشاهده شد که ارتفاع بوته، وزن تر، وزن خشک کل و عملکرد بیولوژیک در رقم پگاه بیشتر از KFS2بود. نتایج نشان داد که رقم پگاه در بیشتر صفات مطالعه شده و در تیمار 205 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار برتری داشت. بنابراین، رقم پگاه و کاربرد تیمار 205 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار می‌تواند برای شرایط زراعی و آب و هوایی مشابه پیشنهاد گردد. 39 45 نغمه مقیمی Naghmeh Moghimi Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran. Iran m@gmail.com کبری مقصودی Kobra Maghsoudi Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran. Iran yaemam@shirazu.ac.ir دوام زی توده سرعت رشد محصول دوام سطح برگ سرعت رشد نسبی Amanullah, H., Marwat, K.B., Shan, P., Maula, N., &Arifullah, S. (2009). Nitrogen levels and its time of application influence leaf area, height and biomass of maize planted at low and high density. Pakistan Journal of##Botany, 41, 761-768.##Bebawi, F.F. (1981). Response of sorghum cultivars and striga population to nitrogen fertilization. Plant Soil, 59, 261-267.##Bethlenfalvay, G.J., & Phillips, D.A. (1977).Ontogenetic interactions between photosynthesis and symbiotic N 2 fixation in legumes.Plant Physiology, 60, 419-421.##Borrell, A., & Hammer, G.L. 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Managing nitrogen for sustainable corn systems: problems and possibilities. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 6, 3-8.##Mahmud, K., Ahmad, I., &Ayub, M. (2003).Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the fodder yield and quality of two sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor L.).Journal of Agricultural & Biological Science, 5, 61-63.##MansouriFar, C., ModarresSanavy, S.A.M., &Saberali, S.F. (2010).Maize yield response to deficit irrigation during low-sensitive growth stages and nitrogen rate under semi-arid climatic conditions.Agricultural Water Management, 97, 12-22.##Marsalis, M.A., Angadi, S.V.,& Contreras-Govea, F.E. (2010). Dry matter yield and nutritive value of corn, forage sorghum, and BMR forage sorghum at different plant populations and nitrogen rates. Field Crops Research, 116, 52-57##Micheal, A.M., &Ojha, T.P. (1987).Principles of agricultural engineering. Vol. II. New Delhi Jain Brothers Publisher.320 p.##Milbourn, G.M., &Harwick, R.C. (1968).The growth of vining peas. 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(2003).Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen limitation of primary production along a natural marsh chronosequence.Oecologia, 136, 431-438.##Valiela, I., Teal, J.M., &Persson, N.Y. (1976). Production and dynamics of experimentally enriched salt marsh vegetation: belowground biomass. Limnology and Oceanography, 21, 245-252.##Vanderlip, R.L. (2012).How a sorghum plant develops. Kansas State University Press.20 p.##Young, K.J., & Long, S.P. (2000). Crop ecosystem responses to climatic change: maize and sorghum. In: Reddy K.R, Hodges H.F (ed) Climate change and global crop productivity. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.##Zhao, D., Reddy, K.R., Kakani,V.G., & Reddy, V.R. (2005). Nitrogen deficiency effects on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis and hyperspectral reflectance properties of sorghum. European Journal of Agronomy, 22, 391-403.##

1 اثر ده سال کشت مستمر زعفران بر خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک Effect of 10-year continuous saffron cultivation on physical and chemical properties of soil https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3056.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3056 1 The effect of 10-year continuous saffron cultivation on physical and chemical properties of a silty clay loam soil was investigated in a research farm of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz (52 º 33ʹ E Longitude and 29º 36ʹ N latitude), Iran. This farm was irrigated with different regimes (100% of saffron's potential evapotranspiration (ETp), 75%ETp, 50%ETp) including rain fed treatment under two irrigation methods (basin and furrow irrigation). The results showed that the values of electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, Arsenic, Boron and soil bulk density of soil in the root zone increased significantly, but the final infiltration rate decreased significantly compared to the original soil. The value of pH in 100%ETp and 75%ETp treatments decreased and in 50%ETp and rain fed treatments increased compared to the original soil. Corms under high irrigation treatment had more weight up to a 6-year cultivation. However, after that, the corm weight declined to levels equal to or less than the low irrigation treatment cases. The number of total corms increased up to 6 years of cultivation and decreased after that. So, the continuous saffron cultivation causes some undesirable change in soil chemical and physical properties, which become pronounced after 6 years of cultivation. 0 اثر ده سال کشت مستمر زعفران بر خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک ماسه- رسی- شنی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز ( طول جغرافیایی ʹ 33 ◦52 و عرض جغرافیایی ʹ 36 ◦29) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این مزرعه با رژیم های مختلف آبیاری (100% ، 75% ، 50% تبخیر و تعرق پتانسیل زعفران) و تیمار دیم و تحت دو روش آبیاری کرتی و جویچه ای آبیاری می شد. نتایج نشان داد که مقادیر هدایت هیدرولیکی، نسبت جذبی سدیم، آرسنیک، بور و چگالی ظاهری خاک در منطقه ریشه افزایش معنی دار ولی سرعت نفوذ نهایی کاهش معنی داری در مقایسه با خاک بدون کشت داشت. میزان اسیدیته خاک در تیمار 100% تبخیر و تعرق پتانسیل و 75 % تبخیر و تعرق پتانسیل کاهش و در تیمار 50% تبخیر و تعرق پتانسیل و تیمار دیم در مقایسه با خاک بدون کشت افزایش یافت. پداژه ها تحت تیمار با آبیاری زیاد تا سال ششم کشت وزن بالایی داشتند در حالی که بعد از آن وزن پداژه ها به مقدار برابر یا کمتر از سطح آن در تیمار با آبیاری کم، کاهش یافتند. تعداد کل پداژه ها تا سال ششم کشت افزایش و سپس کاهش یافت. بنابراین کشت مستمر زعفران سبب تغییرات نامطلوبی در خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک می گردد که بعد از سال ششم کشت خود را نشان می دهد. 46 55 مریم خزاعی Maryam Khozaei Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran khozaei61@yahoo.com علی اکبر کامگار حقیقی Ali Akbar Kamgar Haghighi Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran aakamgar@shirazu.ac.ir علیرضا سپاسخواه Ali Reza Sepaskhah Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran sepas@shirazu.ac.ir نجفعلی کریمیان Najaf Ali Karimian Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran nkarimian@yahoo.com آبیاری کرتی و جویچه ای تبخیر –تعرق پتانسیل تغییرات نامطلوب در خاک Abedian, M.J., & Meharg, A.A. (2002). Relative toxicity of asenite and arsenate on germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 243, 57–66.##Azizi Zohan, A., & Sepaskhah, A.R. (2002). The effect of leaching on soil improving and recultivation of saffron. The article abstract at Iran Seventh Congress of Agronomy, Karaj. P. 228. 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1 روابط بین عملکرد دانه و اجزای آن در نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) تحت شرایط دیم The interrelationships of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) kernel yield and its components under rainfed conditions https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3065.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3065 1 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a native crop of Asia which is grown worldwide including Iran.In this study,different selection criteria including correlation,regression and path analysis were used to improve yield.The experimental design was split plot with RCBD replicated four times in which three sowing dates (5 January,4 February,and 5 March) were used in main plots and four genotypes;two semi bush types and early mature cultivars (ILC482 and Flip84-42) and two stand types and late mature ones (Hashem and Arman),were allocated to subplots.Results showed that Flip84-42 variety and 5 January sowing date had the highest amount of kernel yield, pod number per plant, kernel number per pod,100 kernel weight,biological yield,and days to flowering.There was a positive correlation between the kernel yield and pod number per plant (r=0.57**,p≤0.05),kernel number per pod (r=0.51**,p≤0.05),biological yield (r=0.39*, p≤0.05),plant height (r=0.31*,p≤0.05),branch number (r=0.22*,p≤0.05), leaf area index (r=0.59**,p≤0.05), and first pod height (r=0.58**,p≤0.05). Regression analysis also showed that yield was determined by biological yield,leaf area index and days to flowering. Results of path analysis revealed that biological yield had the greatest direct effect on kernel yield (p=0.61**,p≤0.05).This character was followed by number of pods per plant (p=0.31*,p≤0.05) and leaf area index (p=0.35*,p≤0.05).Results of this study indicated Flip84-42 and 5 January are the best variety and sowing date to cultivate chickpea in Badjgah region under dryland condition. In addition,it can be concluded that rainfed chickpea breeders should pay attention to the traits such as biological yield, leaf area index and days to flowering when selecting high-yielding genotypes. 0 نخود یکی از گیاهان بومی آسیاست که در جهان و از جمله ایران کشت می شود. راهکار‌های گوناگونی برای بهبود عملکرد این گیاه به کار برده شده است. بدین منظور، در این آزمایش معیارهای مختلف انتخاب شامل همبستگی، رگرسیون و تجزیه مسیر مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. چهار ژنوتیپ نخود (ILC482، Flip84-42، هاشم و آرمان) در سه تاریخ کشت (15 دی، 15 بهمن و 14 اسفند) در سال‌های 1388 و 1389 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز کشت شدند. در انتهای دوره رشد ویژگی‌های وزن صد دانه، تعداد نیام، تعداد دانه در نیام، تعداد ساقه جانبی، شاخص سطح برگ، طول میان گره‌ها، ارتفاع گیاه، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد بیولوژیک، تعداد روز تا گلدهی و عملکرد دانه این گیاهان اندازه-گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که همبستگی مثبتی بین عملکرد دانه با تعداد نیام در بوته، تعداد دانه در نیام، عملکرد بیولوژیک، ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد ساقه جانبی و شاخص سطح برگ وجود دارد. همچنین تجزیه ضرائب رگرسیون نشان داد که عملکرد دانه بوسیله ‌ی اجزایی همچون عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص سطح برگ و تعداد روز تا گلدهی تعیین می‌شود. نتایج تجزیه مسیر نیز روشن ساخت که عملکرد بیولوژیک بیشترین تاثیر مستقیم را بر عملکرد دانه داشته و پس از آن تعداد نیام در گیاه و شاخص سطح برگ بیشترین تاثیر را بر عملکرد دانه داشته اند. 56 62 محسن عدالت Mohsen Edalat DepartmentofCrop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran edalat@shirazu.ac.ir علی دادخدایی Ali Dadkhodaie DepartmentofCrop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran dadkhodaie@shirazu.ac.ir روح الله نادری خراجی Rouhollah Nederi Kharraji Department of Agroecology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Darab, I. R. Iran Iran rnaderi@shirazu.ac.ir عملکرد بیولوژیک ضریب همبستگی تجزیه مسیر نخود دیم رگرسیون Akdag, C., & Sehirali, S. (1992). A study on the relationship among characters and path coefficient analysis in chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.).Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 16, 763-772.##Ali, M.A., Nawad, N.N., Abbas, A., Zulkiffal, M., & Sajjad, M. (2009). Evaluation of selection criteria in Cicerarietinum using correlation coefficients and path analysis. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 3, 65-70.##Anonymous, (2011). Ministry of Agriculture Jahad Yearbook. Available at: www.maj.ir.##Bhatti, M.K., Ijaz, M., Akhter,  M., Rafig, M., & Mushtag, C.(2005).Correlation coefficient analysis of yield and yield components in fine rice lines/varieties. International Seminar on Rice Crop at Rice Research Institute. Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan, 2-3.##Büyükburç, U., & Iptas, S. (2001). The yield and yield components of some Narbon Vetch (Viciana rbonensis L.) lines in Tokat ecological conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 25, 79-88.   ##Çakmakçi, S., & Açikgöz, E. (1994). Components of seed and straw yield in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 113, 71-74.   ##Çakmakçi, S., Aydinoglu, B., & Karaca, M. (2003). Determining relationships among yield and yield components using correlation and path analysis in summer sown common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) genotypes. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 35(3), 387-400.   ##Ceyhan, E., & Avci, M.A. (2005). 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(1992).Alternative model for path analysis of small-grain yield. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 32, 487-489. ##Erman, M., Çiftçi, V., & Gecit, H.H. (1997).A research on relations among the characters and path coefficient analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).The Journal of Agricultural Science, 3, 43-46.##Fakorede, M.A.B., & Opeke, B.O. (1985).Weather factors affecting the response of maize to planting date in a tropical rainforest location. Agricultural Experiment, 21, 31-40.##Fallah, S. (2008). Effect of sowing date and planting density on    seed     yield   and   yield    components   of  chickpea##(Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in dryland conditions in Kermanshah. Journal of Science and Technology and National Research, 45, 123-135.##Indu Rani, C., Veeraragathantham, D., & Sanjutha, S. (2008). Studies on correlation and path coefficient analysis on yield attributes in root knot nematode resistant F hybrids of tomato. 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Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23, 461-463.##Oelke, E.A., Oplinger, E.S., Hanson, C.V., Davis, D.W., Putnam, D.H., Fuller, E.I., & Rosen, C.J. (1991).Dry Field Pea.Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin-Extension.##Ranjan, S., Kumar, M., & Pandey, S.S. (2006).Genetic variability in peas (Pisum sativum L.). Legal Research, 29(4), 311-312.##Rodriguez, D., JassoDe, J., Angulo Sanchez L., & Rodriguez Garcia, R. (2001). Correlation and path coefficient analyses of the agronomic trait of a native population of guayule plants.Industrial crops and products, 14, 93-103.##SAS Institute. (1998). INC SAS/STAT users’ guide release 7, Cary, NC, USA.##Singh, J.D., & Singh, I.P. (2004). Selection parameters for seed yield in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). National Journal of Plants Improvement, 6(1), 51-52.##Singh, K.B., &Chaudhary, B.D.  (1977). Biometrical methods in quantitative genetic analysis. Kalyani publishers. New Delhi, pp. 304.##Togay, N., Togay, Y., Yildirin, B., & Dogan, Y. (2008). Relationships between yield and some yield components in pea (Pisum sativum ssp arvense L.) genotypes by using correlation and path analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(23), 4285-4287.##Toker, C., & Cagirgan, M.I. (2004).The use of phenotypic correlations and factor analysis in determining characters for grain yield selection in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Hereditas, 140, 226-228.##Uzun, S., & Celik, H. (1999). Leaf area prediction models (Uzçe-lik-I) for different horticultural plants. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 23, 645–650.##Yücel, C. (2004). Correlation and path coefficient analyses of seed yield components in the narbon bean (Vicianar bonensis L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28, 371-376.##

1 نقش حفاظتی نیتریک‌اکساید برون‌زاد در کاهش خسارت اکسیداتیو القا‌شده با شوری شدید در دانهال‌های برنج Protective effect of exogenous nitric oxide on alleviation of oxidative damage induced by high salinity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3066.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3066 1 To find the protective role of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on salinity-stressed rice seedlings, a CRD-based factorial experiment with three replications was conducted in Agronomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, in 2012. The experimental design consisted of healthy and vigorous seedlings of two rice cultivars, Khazar and Goohar, the last already known as promising SA13 line, which were exposed to 0 (Control), 50 mM NaCl, 50 μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as NO donor solution supplemented with simultaneous 50 mM NaCl + 50 μM SNP for four days. After 4 days, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activities of antioxidant enzyme, destruction of chlorophyll and soluble protein content in leaves were measured in treated and control plants. The results showed that simultaneous treatment of rice leaves with SNP, suppressed the ion leakage content by 8.5% compared with the results of NaCl treatment. Furthermore, SNP increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). Exogenous application of NO also reduced peroxidation of membrane lipids, whereas increased the soluble protein content and chlorophyll pigments in rice leaves under salinity stress. These results suggested that NO could effectively protect rice seedlings from salt stress damaged by enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes to quench the excessive reactive oxygen species caused by salt stress. 0 هدف این مطالعه، بررسی نقش حفاظتی نیتریک‌اکساید (NO) برون‌زاد در دانهال‌های برنج تحت تنش شوری بود. دانهال‌های قوی و سالم دو رقم برنج خزر و گوهر که پیشتر به‌عنوان لاین امید‌بخش SA13 شناخته شده بود، با محلول 50 میلی‌مولار نمک کلرید‌سدیم (NaCl)، 50 میکرومولار محلول سدیم نیتروپروساید (SNP) و کاربرد هم‌زمان 50 میلی‌مولار نمک کلریدسدیم و 50 میکرومولار محلول SNP همراه با شاهد (عدم کاربرد محلول) برای چهار روز تیمار شدند. پس از چهار روز، مقدار نشت یونی و مالون‌دی‌آلدهید (MDA)، فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی، تخریب کلروفیل و مقدار پروتئین‌ محلول در برگ‌های گیاهان تیمار‌شده و شاهد اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار هم‌زمان برگ‌های برنج با SNP موجب کاهش مقدار نشت یونی در حدود 5/8 درصد در مقایسه با کاربرد نمک کلریدسدیم شد. علاوه بر ‌این، SNP سبب افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی سوپر‌اکسید‌ دیسموتاز (SOD)، پراکسیداز (POD)، آسکوربات پراکسیداز (APX) و کاتالاز (CAT) شد. هم‌چنین، کاربرد NO برون‌زاد موجب کاهش پراکسیده‌شدن لیپیدهای غشا، تأخیر در تجزیه پروتئین‌ها و تخریب رنگدانه‌های کلروفیل در برگ‌های برنج شد. این نتایج پیشنهاد می‌کند که NO می‌تواند دانهال‌های برنج را به‌طور مؤثری از خسارت ایجاد‌شده به‌وسیله تنش شوری با افزایش فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان در حذف گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن اضافی ناشی از تنش، محافظت کند. 63 70 سمانه اسدی صنم Samaneh Asadi Sanam Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, I. R. Iran Iran zavarehm@gmail.com محسن زواره Mohsen Zavareh Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, I. R. Iran Iran mzavareh@guilan.ac.ir ابوذر هاشم پور Abuzar Hashempour Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, I. R. Iran Iran hashempour_1982@yahoo.com آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان برنج سدیم‌ نیتروپروساید گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1–15.##Ashraf, M. (2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnology Advances, 27, 84–93.##Ashraf, M., & Harris, P.J.C. (2004). Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Science, 166, 3-16.##Beligni, M.V., & Lamattina, L. (2000). 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1 تاثیر تنش شوری روی آناتومی و هدایت هیدرولیک ریشه ارقام جو Effects of salt Stress on Root Anatomy and Hydraulic Conductivity of Barley Cultivars https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3077.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3077 1 A hydroponic experiment was carried out to compare root anatomy and hydraulic conductivity of four barley cultivars including Valfajr, Karoon, Afzal and Zarjo under salt stress conditions. The results showed that under salt stress, the minimum diameter of vessels was observed in the peripheral metaxylem of seminal roots of Valfajr cultivar and in adventitious roots; Karoon with 19±3 µm had maximum diameter of vessels. In all barely cultivars, salt stress affected the diameter of central and peripheral metaxylem vessels more negatively in comparison to the number of the vessels. The mature xylem vessels of the seminal roots of the Valfajr and Zarjo cultivars had the most lignified cell walls. When the plants were exposed to salt stress, the casparian bands could be detected more in the seminal roots as U-shape and not in the adventitious roots. The lowest lignification thickness of cell wall (0.78 µm) was observed in the central metaxylem vessels of adventitious roots of Afzal cultivar under salt stress. Also, Afzal cultivar with highest surface area and lowest thickness of lignified cell walls, had the highest seminal root hydraulic conductivity (5.84×10-9 m s-1 MPa-1), whereas hydraulic conductivity was decreased to 3.21 and 3.17×10-9 m s-1 MPa-1 in Valfajr and Zarjo cultivars, respectively. Overall, Afzal and Karoon cultivars were found to perform better in water uptake at the early stages of growth due to less lignified cell walls of xylem in seminal and adventitious roots under salt stress conditions. Further research on hydraulic conductivity could be recommended. 0 آ‏ناتومی و هدایت هیدرولیک ریشه چهار رقم جو والفجر، کارون، افضل و زرجو در یک پژوهش هیدروپونیک در شرایط شوری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد در شرایط شوری، کمترین قطر آوند چوبی جانبی ریشه‌های بذری، در رقم والفجر مشاهده شد و در ریشه های نابجا، رقم کارون با 3±19 میکرو متر بیشترین قطر آوند چوبی جانبی را داشت. در همه ارقام جو، تأثیر منفی تنش شوری بر قطر آوند های چوبی مرکزی و جانبی بیش از تعداد آنها بود. دیواره سلولی آوندهای چوبی ریشه های بذری والفجر و زرجو بیشتر از سایر ارقام چوبی شده بودند. در شرایط تنش شوری، نوار کاسپاری به صورت یو شکل در ریشه های بذری بود که در ریشه های نابجا وجود نداشت. کمترین ضخامت لایه چوبی شده دیواره سلولی (78/0 میکرو متر) در آوند های چوبی مرکزی ریشه های نابجای رقم افضل در تنش شوری مشاهده گردید. همچنین رقم افضل با بیشترین سطح ریشه و کمترین ضخامت لایه چوبی شده دارای بیشترین هدایت هیدرولیک ریشه های بذری) 9-10×84/5 متر بر ثانیه بر مگا پاسکال) بود در حالیکه در والفجر و زرجو هدایت هیدرولیک به ترتیب به 9-10×21/3 و 9-10×17/3 متر بر ثانیه بر مگا پاسکال کاهش یافت. به طور کلی، جو افضل و کارون به دلیل ضخامت کمتر لایه چوبی در سلول های آوندی در ریشه بذری و نابجا و بدنبال آن هدایت هیدرولیک و نسبت ریشه به ساقه بیشتر، کارکرد بهتری در جذب آب در مراحل اولیه رشد داشتند. پژوهش های تکمیلی در این راستا قابل توصیه است. 71 79 احسان بیژن زاده Ehsan Bijanzadeh Department of Agroecology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran bijanzad@shirazu.ac.ir.ir کبری مقصودی Kobra Maghsoudi Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran yaemam@shirazu.ac.ir آوند چوبی مرکزی هدایت هیدرولیک دیواره سلولی چوبی شده ریشه های بذری Azaizeh, H., Gunse, B., &Steudle, E. (1992). Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 on water transport across root cells of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant Physiology, 99, 886–894.##Caird, M.A., Richards, J.H., & Donovan, L.A. (2007). Night time stomatal conductance and transpiration in C3 and C4 plants. Plant Physiology, 143, 4–10.##Cosgrove, D.J. (2000). Expansive growth of plant cell walls. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 38:109–24.##Emam, Y. (2011). Cereal crop production. 4th Edition. Shiraz University Press, Shiraz. 190 pp. (In Persian)##Emam, Y., & Bijanzadeh, E. (2012). Water uptake and hydraulic conductivity of seminal and adventitious roots of five wheat cultivars at early growth stage. Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology, 14, 1605-1616. (In Persian)##Flowers, T.J. (2004). Improving crop salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 307–319.##Frennch, J., & Steudle, E. (1998). Axiasl and radial resistance to roots of maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Physiology, 91, 719-726.##Frensch, J. (1997). Primary response of root and leaf elongation to water deficits in the atmosphere and soil solution. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48, 985–999.##Fricke, W., McDonald, A.J.S., & Mattson Djos, L. (1997). Why do leaves and leaf cells of N-limited barley elongate at reduced rates? Planta, 202, 522-530.##Fricke, W., & Peters, W.S. 2002. The biophysics of leaf growth in salt-stressed barley. A study at the cell level. Plant Physiology, 129, 374–388.##Fricke, W., Akhiyarova, G. Wei, W., & Alexandersson, E. (2010). The Short term growth response to salt of developing barley leaf. 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Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 53, 466- 470.##Knipfer, T., & Fricke, W. (2010a). Root pressure and a solute reflection coefficient close to unity exclude a purely apoplastic pathway of radial water transport in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). New Phytologist, 187, 159-170.##Knipfer, T., & Fricke, W. (2010b). Water uptake by seminal and adventitious roots in relation to whole-plant water flow in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 61, 1-17.##Knipfer, T., & Steudle E. (2008). Root hydraulic conductivity measured by pressure clamp is substantially affected by internal unstirred layers. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59, 2071–2084.##Kramer, P.J., & Boyer, M. (1995). Water relations of plants and soils. Academic Press, Orlando. 331 pp.##Martinez Ballesta, M.C., Aparicio, F., Pallás, V., Martínez, V., & Carvajal M. (2003). Influence  of  saline  stress  on  root  hydraulic  conductance  and  PIP expression  in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 160, 689–697.##Maurel, C., Simonneau, T., & Sutka, M. (2010). The significance of roots as hydraulic rheostats. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61, 3191–3198.##Miller, D.M. (1987). Errors in the measurement of root pressure and exudation volume flow rate caused by damage during the transfer of unsupported roots between solutions. Plant Physiology, 85, 164–166.##

1 دیدگاه کشاورزان نسبت به مشارکت در طرح های آبیاری و زهکشی: تحلیل مدل معادلات ساختاری Attitudes of farmers toward participation in irrigation and drainage projects: the structural equations modeling analysis https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3085.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3085 1 Application of modern irrigation and drainage canals for efficient use of water resources is necessary. Thus , identifying the factors influencing farmers ’ attitudes toward participation in irrigation and drainage projects (IDP) is essential. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting attitude toward participation in IDP in Syakh Darenjan, Fars Province , Iran. Stratified random sampling was used to collect data from 207 farmers as the research sample. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested. The results of structural equations modeling from the total sample showed that farmers ' attitude toward participation was affected by social cohesion , perceived behavioral control , social norms and attitudes toward water resources management variables. The results also revealed that social cohesion variable in adopter group and perceived behavioral control variable in the non-adopter group had the most significant effect on the farmers ’ attitude toward participation in IDP. 0 بکار گیری کانال های مدرن آبیاری به منظور استفاده بهینه از آب کشور امری ضروری می باشد. به همین دلیل، بررسی عوامل تاثیر گذار بر نگرش کشاورزان نسبت به مشارکت در این طرح ها امری ضروری می باشد. این پژوهش به منظور تعیین عوامل موثر بر مشارکت در ساخت و نگهداری کانال های مدرن آبیاری در منطقه سیاخ دارنجان در استان فارس در ایران انجام گردید. از نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای برای انتخاب 207 نفر از کشاورزان بعنوان نمونه تحقیق استفاده شد. روایی و پایایی پرسش نامه مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با مدل معادلات ساختاری در کل نمونه مورد بررسی نشان داد که نگرش فرد نسبت به مشارکت در ساخت و نگهداری کانال های مدرن آبیاری از متغیر های انسجام اجتماعی، درک کنترل رفتاری، ارزش قائل شدن برای نظرات گروه های مرجع و نگرش نسبت به مدیریت منابع آب متاثر می شود. همچنین نتایج بیانگر آن است که انسجام اجتماعی در گروه پذیرنده و درک کنترل رفتاری در گروه نپذیرنده بیشترین تاثیر را بر نگرش کشاورزان نسبت به مشارکت دارند. 80 91 سمیه توحیدیان فر Somaye Tohidyan Far Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran tohidi@yahoo.com کوروش رضائی مقدم Kourosh Rezaei Moghaddam Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran rezaei@shirazu.ac.ir نگرش نسبت به مشارکت فارس طرح های آبیاری و زهکشی مدل سازی معادله ساختاری Achterkamp, M. (2002). Challenge versus exchange in collective decision making: A comparison of two simulation models based on simulated data. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 8, 171-196.##Afshari, Z. (2009). Factors affecting attitudes and sustainable behaviors among cotton producers in Isfahan Province. M.Sc.thesis. Department of Agricultural Extension and Education (unpublished). Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resource University, Ahvaz. I. R. Iran. 215 p.##Aghaei, M. (2010). Water resources management toward increasing efficiency and agricultural bank roles in providing financial support for irrigation and drainage projects’ implementation. The first national conference of modern public participation in study, construction and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks. 7th and 8th of Jan. Shiraz. I. R. Iran.##Aghapour Sabbaghi, M., (2009). Investigating effective factors on adoption of public water association (case study: Getund). The first national conference of modern public participation in study, construction and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks. 7th and 8th of Jan. Shiraz. I. R. Iran.   ##Agrawal, A., & Gibson, C.C. (1999). Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation. World Development, 27(4), 629-649.##Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In:Action control: From cognition to behavior. J. A.J.K. Beckman (eds.) pp. 11–39, New York: Verlag.##Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50, 179–211.##Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.##Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.##Azizi Khalkheili, T., & Zamani, G.H. (2009). Farmer participation in irrigation management: The case of Doroodzan Dam Irrigation Network, Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 96, 859-865.##Bagozzi, R.P. Yi, Y., & Baumgartner, J. (1990). The level of effort required for behavior as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 45-59.##Bekele, W., & Darke, L. (2003). Soil and water conservation decision behavior of subsistence farmers in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia: A case study of the Hundelafto area. Ecological Economics, 46, 437- 451.##Bjornlund, H. Nicol, L., & Klein, K.K. (2008). The adoption of improved irrigation technology and management practices – A study of tow irrigation districts in Alberta, Canada. Agricultural Water Management, 2647, 1-11.##Blanke, A. 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1 توسعه روش جایگزین آزمون اولسن جهت تعیین فسفر قابل جذب ذرت در خاک‌های آهکی Development of an alternative to the olsen test for determining corn plant-available phosphorus in calcareous soils https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3096.html 10.22099/iar.2015.3096 1 In this research, several chemical extractants and modified Olsen methods were studied in 25 surface-calcareous soils (0-30 cm) for determining available phosphorus (P) for corn (Zea mays L.) plant. In this experiment, the highest correlation was obtained between extracted P by Olsen and Colwell methods (NaHCO3-extractable P) and dry weight of corn shoot (r =0.67 and 0.75, p 0 در این تحقیق، برخی عصاره­گیرهای شیمیایی و روش­های تغییر یافته اولسن در 25 خاک آهکی سطحی (0-30 سانتی متر) برای تعیین فسفر قابل جذب گیاه ذرت  مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در این آزمایش، بیشترین همبستگی بین فسفر استخراج شده توسط روش­های اولسن و کالول (فسفر قابل عصاره­گیری با محلول بی کربنات سدیم) و وزن خشک بخش هوایی ذرت مشاهده شد( r =0.67,0.75 وp 92 104 محمد رضا مقصودی Mohammad Maghsoodi Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I. R. Iran Iran mr_magsoodi@yahoo.com - - A Reyhanitabar Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I. R. Iran Iran areyhani@tabrizu.ac.ir نصرت اله نجفی Nosratolla Najafi Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I. R. Iran Iran nanajafi@yahoo.com خاک آهکی ذرت آزمون اولسن فسفر Allison, L.E., & Moodie, C.D. (1965). Carbonates. In C. A. Black (Ed.), Method of Soil Analaysis. Part3 (pp. 1379-1396). Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy.## Barrow, N.J., & Shaw, T.C. (1976a). Sodium bicarbonate as an extractant for soil phosphate, I. Separation of the factors affecting the amount of phosphate displaced from soil from those affecting secondary adsorption. Geoderma, 16, 91-107.## Barrow, N.J., & Shaw, T.C. (1976b). Sodium bicarbonate as an extractant for soil phosphate, II. Effect of varying the conditions of extraction on the amount of phosphate initially displaced and on the secondary adsorption. Geoderma, 16, 109-123.##Bell, A.A.W., Bailey, J.S., Smith, R.V., & Allen, M.M. (2005). Development of an alternative to the Olsen bicarbonate-extraction test for determining plant-available phosphorus in basaltic soils. Soil Use and Management, 21, 330-336.##Chardon, W.J., Menon, R.G., & Chien, S.H. (1996). Iron Oxide imperegnated filter paper (Pi test): A review of its development and methodological research. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 46, 42-51.##Colwell, J.D. (1963). The estimation of the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis. Australian journal of experimental agriculture and animal. Husbandry, 3, 190-198.##Cowling, J.C., Speir, T.W., & Percival, H.J. (1987). Potential problems with the determination of Olsen and microbial P of soils due to the instability of 0.5M sodium bicarbonate. Communications in Soil Science Plant Analysis, 18, 637-652.##Delgado, A., Campillo, M.C., & Torrent, J. (2010). Limitations of the Olsen method to assess plant-available phosphorus in reclaimed marsh soils. Soil Use and Management, 26, 133-140.##Delgado, A., & Scalenghe, R. (2008). Aspects of phosphorus transfer in Europe. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 171, 552-575.## Delgado, A., & Torrent, J. (1997). Phosphate-rich soils in the European Union: estimating total plant-available phosphorus. European Journal of Agronomy, 6, 205-214.## Demetz, M., & Insam, H. (1999). Phosphorus availability in a forest soil determined with a respiratory assay compared to chemical methods. Geoderma 89, 259–271.## Drouinean, G. (1942). Dosage rapide du calcarire actif du sol: nouvelles donnees sur la separation et la nature des fractions calcaires. Anne Agronomy, 12, 441-450.## Franzen, D.W., Hofman, V.L.,Cihacek, J.L., & Swenson, L.J. (1999). Soil nutrient relationships with topography asinfluenced by crop. Precision Agriculture, 1, 167–183.##Gee, G.W., & Bauder, J.W. (2002). Particle size analysis. In H. D. Jacob and G. Clarke Topp (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods (pp. 201-214). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.##Hingston, F.J., Atkinson, R.J., & Posner, A.M. (1968). Specific adsorption of anions on goethite (pp. 669-678). Adelaide, Aust: Trans 9th. Int Congr. Soil Science.##Humphreys, J., Tunney, H., & Duggan, P. (2001). Comparison of extractable soil phosphorus with dry matter production and phosphorus uptake by perennial ryegrass in a pot experiment. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 40, 45-54.##Kamparth, E.J, & Watson, M.E. (1980). Conventional soil and tissue tests for assessing the phosphorus status of soils. In   'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis'. (Ed. F.E Khasawneh et al.). (Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI).##Kulhanek, M., Balik, J., Cerny, J., Nedved, V., & Kotkova, B. (2007). The influence of different intensities of phosphorus fertilizing on available phosphorus contents in soils and uptake by plants. Plant Soil Environ, 53, 382–387.## Lindsay, W.L. (1979). Chemical Equilibria in Soils. In J. W. Sons (Ed.), (pp. 163-209). New York.##MacLean, A.A. (1965). Extraction of organic phosphorus from soils with sodium bicarbonate. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 45, 165-170.##Mater, A.E., & Samman, M. (1975). Correlation between NaHCO3-extractable P and response to P fertilization in pot tests. Agronomy Journal, 67, 850-856.## Menon, R.G., Chien, S.H., & Chardon, W.J. (1997). Iron oxide-impregnated filter paper (Pi test): II. A review of its application. Nuoqent Cycling in Agroecosystems, 47, 7-18.##Molinaa, M., Ortegaa, R., & Escudey, M. (2012). Evaluation of the AB-DTPA multiextractant in Chilean soils of different origin with special regard to available phosphorus. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58, 789–803.##Moody, P.W. (2011). Environmental risk indicators for soil phosphorus status. Soil Research, 49, 247–252.##Moody, P.W., Dickson, T., Dwyer, J.C., & Compton, B.L. (1990). Predicting yield responsiveness and phosphorus fertilizer requirements of soybeans from soil tests. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 28, 399-406.##Morgan, M.F. (1941). Chemical Soil Diagnosis by the Universal Soil Testing System. Bull, Storrs, CT.##Murphy, J., &Riley, J.P. (1962). 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