2019 38 2 0 118

1 مروری بر تخمین شاخص برداشت در مدل سازی گیاهی Reviewing the harvest index estimation in crop modeling https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5455.html 10.22099/iar.2019.5455 1 H Harvest index (HI), ratio of seed yield to aboveground dry matter, is a very important parameter for estimating seed yield in several crop models. In this study, the importance, definition, variability and estimation methods of HI in crop models were discussed. HI estimation methods are categorized into two groups including: (i) complex methods that estimate HI from the beginning of seed growth to crop maturity, dynamically and (ii) simple methods that estimate the final HI at crop maturity. HI is a trait that is affected by many environmental parameters and the genotype of a crop. Soil water content or soil water suction during growing season, soil nutrient, groundwater depth, high air temperature, plant population and irrigation water salinity are some environmental factors affecting the HI. Therefore, in all models that used HI to estimate crop yield, either complex (e.g., AquaCrop model) or simple method, the harvest index estimating equations should be calibrated by changing the genotypes or cultivars, environmental and non-environmental parameters. 0 شاخص برداشت، نسبت محصول دانه به وزن ماده خشک گیاه، یک پارامتر مهم برای تخمین محصول دانه در بسیاری از مدلهای گیاهی است. در این مطالعه، در مورد اهمیت شاخص برداشت، تعریف، متغیر بودن و روشهای تخمین آن در مدل های گیاهی بحث شده است. روش‌های تخمین شاخص برداشت به دو دسته تقسیم‌‌بندی می‌‌گردند. 1) روش‌‌های کامل: روش‌‌هایی که به صورت پویا مقدار شاخص برداشت را از زمان شروع رشد دانه تا رسیدگی کامل تخمین می‌‌زنند. 2) روش‌‌‌های ساده: روش‌‌‌هایی که مقدار شاخص برداشت نهایی را در زمان رسیدگی دانه تخمین  می‌‌‌زنند. شاخص برداشت ویژگی است که تحت تاثیر بسیاری از عوامل محیطی و خصوصیات ژنوتیپ گیاه قرار دارد. رطوبت خاک یا مکش آب خاک در طول فصل رشد، مواد مغذی خاک، عمق آب زیر زمینی، دمای بالای هوا، تراکم گیاهی و شوری آب آبیاری از عوامل محیطی هستند که بر شاخص برداشت گیاه موثر می‌‌‌باشند. بنابراین در همه مدلهایی که از شاخص برداشت جهت تخمین محصول  استفاده   می‌شود – هم مدل های کامل مانند مدل AquaCrop و هم مدل های ساده- با تغییر ژنوتیپ یا رقم، عوامل محیطی و غیر محیطی معادلات تخمین شاخص برداشت می‌بایست واسنجی گردند. 1 8 علی شعبانی A. Shabani Department of Water Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, I. R. Iran Iran علیرضا سپاس خواه A. R. Sepaskhah Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran مدل سازی گیاهی شاخص برداشت تخمین محصول Abbasi, M. R., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2011). Response of different rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) to water-saving irrigation in greenhouse conditions. International Journal of Plant Production, 5(1), 37-48.##Ahmadi, S. H., Mosallaeepour, E., Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2015). Modeling maize yield and soil water content with AquaCrop under full and deficit irrigation managements. Water Resources Management, 29(8), 2837–2853. doi:10.1007/s11269-015-0973-3##Amanullah, & Inamullah. (2016). Dry matter partitioning and harvest index differ in rice genotypes with variable rates of phosphorus and zinc nutrition. Rice Science, 23(2), 78–87. doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2015.09.006##Aranjuelo, I., Sanz-Saez, A., Jauregui, I., Irigoyen, J. J., Araus, J. L., Sanchez-Diaz, M., & Erice, G. (2013). Harvest index, a parameter conditioning responsiveness of wheat plants to elevated CO2. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64(7), 1879–1892. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert081##Austin, R. B., Bingham, J., Blackwell, R. D., Evans, L. T., Ford, M. A., Morgan, C. L., & Taylor, M. (1980). Genetic improvements in winter wheat yields since 1900 and associated physiological changes. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 94(03), 675. doi:10.1017/ s0021859600028665##Azizian, A. (2013). Modification of maize growth and yield simulation model (MSM) for different water, nitrogen and salinity levels. Ph.D. Dissertation, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.##Azizian, A., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2014). Maize response to water, salinity and nitrogen levels: yield-water relation, water-use efficiency and water uptake reduction function. International Journal of Plant Production, 8(2), 183-214.##Azizian, A., Sepaskhah, A. R., & Zand-Parsa, Sh. (2015). Modification of a maize simulation model under different water, nitrogen and salinity levels. International Journal of Plant Production, 9(4), 609-632.##Calderini, D. F., Dreccer, M. F., & Slafer, G. A. (1995). Genetic improvement in wheat yield and associated traits. A re-examination of previous results and the latest trends. Plant Breeding, 114(2), 108–112. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.1995.tb00772.x##Challinor, A. J., Wheeler, T. R., Craufurd, P. Q., & Slingo, J. M. (2005). Simulation of the impact of high temperature stress on annual crop yields. Agricultural and Forest  Meteorology, 135(1-4), 180–189. doi:10.1016/j. agrformet. 2005.11.015##Eitzinger, J., Trnka, M., Hösch, J., Žalud, Z., & Dubrovský, M. (2004). Comparison of CERES, WOFOST and SWAP models in simulating soil water content during growing season under different soil conditions. Ecological Modelling, 171(3), 223–246. doi:10.1016/j. ecolmodel. 2003.08.012##Evans, J. R. (2013). Improving photosynthesis. Plant physiology, 162(4), 1780–1793. doi:10.1104/pp. 113.219006##Gutam, S. (2011). Dry matter partitioning, grain filling and grain yield in wheat genotypes. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science, 6(2), 48-63##Kemanian, A. R., Stöckle, C. O., Huggins, D. R., & Viega, L. M. (2007). A simple method to estimate harvest index in grain crops. Field Crops Research, 103(3), 208–216. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.06.007##Mahbod, M., Sepaskhah, A. R., & Zand-Parsa, S. (2014). Estimation of yield and dry matter of winter wheat using logistic model under different irrigation water regimes and nitrogen application rates. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60(12): 1661–161667. doi:10.1080/03650340.2014.917169##Mahbod, M., Zand-Parsa, S., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2015). Modification of maize simulation model for predicting growth and yield of winter wheat under different applied water and nitrogen. Agricultural Water Management, 150, 18–34. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.11.009##Majnooni-Heris, A., Zand-Parsa, S., Sepaskhah, A. R., Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A., & Yasrebi, J. (2011). Modification and validation of maize simulation model (MSM) at different applied water and nitrogen levels under furrow irrigation. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57(4), 401–420. doi:10.1080/03650340903512553##Moosavizadeh-Mojarad, R., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2012). Comparison between rice grain yield predictions using artificial neural networks and a very simple model under different levels of water and nitrogen application. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58(11), 1271–1282. doi: 10.1080/03650340.2011.577423##Moser, S. B., Feil, B., Jampatong, S., & Stamp, P. (2006). Effects of pre-anthesis drought, nitrogen fertilizer rate, and variety on grain yield, yield components, and harvest index of tropical maize. Agricultural Water Management, 81(1-2), 41–58. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.04.005##Prasad, P. V. V., Boote, K. J., & Allen, L. H. (2006). Adverse high temperature effects on pollen viability, seed-set, seed yield and harvest index of grain-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are more severe at elevated carbon dioxide due to higher tissue temperatures. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 139(3-4), 237–251. doi:10.1016/ j. agrformet. 2006.07.003##Prihar, S. S., & Stewart, B. A. (1990). Using upper-bound slope through origin to estimate genetic harvest index. Agronomy Journal, 82(6), 1160. doi:10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200060027x##Richards, R. A., & Townley-Smith, T. F. (1987). Variation in leaf area development and its effect on water use, yield and harvest index of droughted wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 38(6), 983. doi:10.1071/ar9870983##Sepaskhah, A. R., Fahandezh-Saadi, S., & Zand-Parsa, S. (2011). Logistic model application for prediction of maize yield under water and nitrogen management. Agricultural Water Management, 99(1), 51–57. doi:10.1016/j.agwat. 2011.07.019##Sepaskhah, A. R., & Ilampour, S. (1996). Relationships between yield, crop water stress index (CWSI) and transpiration of cowpea (Vigna sinensis L). Agronomie, 16(5), 269–279. doi:10.1051/agro:19960501##Sepaskhah, A. R., & Yarami, N. (2016). Evaluation of macroscopic water extraction model for salinity and water stress in saffron yield production. International Journal of Plant Production, 4(3), 175-186.##Sepaskhah, A. R., Amini-Nejad, M., & Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A. (2013). Developing a dynamic yield and growth model for saffron under different irrigation regimes. International Journal of Plant Production, 7(3), 473-504.##Sepaskhah, A. R., & Beirouti, Z. (2009). Effect of irrigation interval and water salinity on growth of madder (Rubinatinctorum L.). International Journal of Plant Production, 3(3), 1-16.##Sepaskhah, A. R., & Ghasemi, M. M. (2008). Every-other-furrow irrigation with different irrigation intervals for grain sorghum. Pakistan Journal of Biology Science, 11 (9), 1234-1239.##Shabani, A. (2011). Development and test of SEM model to estimate capillary rise from shallow ground water for rice cultivation in greenhouse condition. PhD seminar course. Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran (In Persian).##Shabani, A., Kamkar-Haghighi, A. A., Sepaskhah, A. R., Emam, Y., & Honar, T. (2010). Effect of water stress on seed yield, yield components and quality of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cv. Licord. Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 12 (4), 409-421. (In Persian)##Shabani, A., Sepaskhah, A. R., & Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A. (2014). Estimation of yield and dry matter of rapeseed using logistic model under water salinity and deficit irrigation. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60(7), 951–969. doi:10.1080/03650340.2013.858807##Shabani, A., Sepaskhah, A. R., & Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A. (2015). A model to predict the dry matter and yield of rapeseed under salinity and deficit irrigation. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(4), 525–542. doi:10.1080/03650340.2014.938645##Shabani, A., Sepaskhah, A. R., & Kamgar-Haghighi, A. A. (2013). Responses of agronomic components of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as influenced by deficit irrigation, water salinity and planting method. International Journal of Plant Production, 7 (2), 313-340.##Sharifi, R. S., Sedghi, M., & Gholipouri, A. (2009). Effect of population density on yield and yield attributes of maize hybrids. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(4), 375-379.##Sinclair, T. R. (1986). Water and nitrogen limitations in soybean grain production I. Model development. Field Crops Research, 15(2), 125–141. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(86)90082-1##Sinclair, T. R. (1998). Historical Changes in Harvest Index and Crop Nitrogen Accumulation. Crop Science, 38(3), 638. doi:10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183x003800030002x##Soltani, A., Torabi, B., & Zarei, H. (2005). Modeling crop yield using a modified harvest index-based approach: application in chickpea. Field Crops Research, 91(2-3), 273–285. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2004.07.016##Steduto, P., Hsiao, T. C., Raes, D., & Fereres, E. (2009). AquaCrop—the FAO crop model to simulate yield response to water: I. concepts and underlying principles. Agronomy Journal, 101(3), 426-437. doi:10.2134/ agronj 2008.0139s##Talebnejad, R., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2013). Effects of water-saving irrigation and groundwater depth on direct seeding rice growth, yield, and water use in a semi-arid region. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60(1), 15–31. doi:10.1080/03650340.2013.770598##Talebnejad, R., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2016). Modification of transient state analytical model under different saline groundwater depths, irrigation water salinities and deficit irrigation for quinoa. International Journal of Plant Production, 10(3), 365-390.##Tollenaar, M., Deen, W., Echarte, L., & Liu, W. (2006). Effect of crowding stress on dry matter accumulation and harvest index in maize. Agronomy Journal, 98(4), 930-937. doi:10.2134/agronj2005.0336##Turner, N. C., Wright, G. C., & Siddique, K. H. M. (2001). Adaptation of grain legumes (pulses) to water-limited environments. Advances in Agronomy, 71, 193–231. doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(01)71015-2##Unkovich, M., Baldock, J., & Forbes, M. (2010). Variability in harvest index of grain crops and potential significance for carbon accounting. Advances in Agronomy, 105, 173–219. doi:10.1016/s0065-2113(10)05005-4##Vanuytrecht, E., Raes, D., Steduto, P., Hsiao, T. C., Fereres, E., Heng, L. K., & Moreno, P. M. (2014). AquaCrop: FAO's crop water productivity and yield response model. Environmental Modelling and Software, 62, 351-360. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.08.005##Wang, Q., Cui, J., Wang, X., Zhang, T., Zhou, H., Hu, T., & Han, J. (2011). Algorithmic models of seed yield and its components in smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) via large sample size under field conditions. Euphytica, 185(3), 363–375. doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0541-8##Wnuk, A., Górny, A. G., Bocianowski, J., & Kozak, M. (2013). Visualizing harvest index in crops. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science, 8(2), 48-59.##Yarami, N., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2016). Modification of the saffron model for growth and yield prediction under different irrigation water salinity, manure application and planting methods. International Journal of Plant Production, 10(2), 175-196##Zand-Parsa, S., (2001). A simulation model for prediction of water and nitrogen effects on corn yield. Ph.D. Dissertation, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.##Zand-Parsa, S., Sepaskhah, A. R., & Ronaghi, A. (2006). Development and evaluation of integrated water and nitrogen model for maize. Agricultural Water Management, 81(3), 227–256. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.03.010##Ziaei, A., & Sepaskhah, A. (2003). Model for simulation of winter wheat yield under dryland and irrigated conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 58(1), 1–17. doi:10.1016/s0378-3774(02)00080-x##

1 تحلیل سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی به منظور ارزیابی آسیب پذیری خشکسالی دراستان خوزستان ایران با استفاده از شاخص بارش استاندارد GIS analysis for vulnerability assessment of drought in Khuzestan province in Iran using standardized precipitation index (SPI) https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5291.html 10.22099/iar.2019.5291 1 The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely used drought index to provide good estimations of the intensity, magnitude and spatial extent of droughts. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial pattern of drought by SPI index. In this paper, patterns of drought hazard in Khuzestan are evaluated according to the data of 17 weather stations during data recording. The influenced zone of each station was specified by the Thiessen method. Then, it was attempted to make a new model of drought hazard using GIS. Three criteria for drought were studied and considered to define areas of vulnerability. Drought hazard criteria used in the present model included: maximum severity of drought in the period, trend of drought, and the maximum number of sequential arid years. Each of the vulnerability indicators was mapped. These maps along with a final hazard map were classified into 5 hazard classes of drought included none, slight, moderate, severe and very severe classes. The final drought vulnerability map was prepared by overlaying three criteria maps in GIS, and the final hazard classes were defined on the basis of hazard scores, which were determined according to the means of the main indicators. The final vulnerability map showed that severe hazard areas (29% of the province) which were observed in the northern and central parts of study area are much more widespread than areas under the slight hazard class. Nevertheless, approximately more than half (64%) of the province area was determined to be moderate hazard class for drought. 0 شاخص خشکسالی بارش استاندارد بطور گسترده‌ای برای برآورد مناسب شدت، بزرگی و محدوده مکانی خشکسالی‌ها بکار گرفته می‌شود. هدف از این مطالعه، تجزیه و تحلیل الگوی مکانی خشکسالی با استفاده از شاخص SPI بود. در این مقاله، الگوهای خطر خشکسالی در استان خوزستان با توجه به داده‌های 17 ایستگاه هواشناسی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. محدوده تحت تاثیر هر ایستگاه با استفاده از روش تیسن مشخص شد. سپس نسبت به تهیه یک مدل جدید خطر خشکسالی با استفاده از GIS مبادرت شد. سه معیار خشکسالی برای تعریف مناطق آسیب پذیر، مطالعه و در نظر گرفته شد. معیارهای خطر خشکسالی که در مدل فعلی استفاده شد شامل حداکثر شدت خشکسالی در دوره، روند خشکسالی، و حداکثر تعداد پی‌در‌پی سال‌های خشک است. هر یک از شاخص‌های آسیب‌پذیری نقشه‌سازی شدند و  همچنین این نقشه‌ها به‌عنوان یک نقشه خطر نهایی به 5 کلاس خطر خشکسالی شامل بدون خطر، خطر خفیف، متوسط، شدید و بسیار شدید طبقه بندی شدند. نقشه نهایی آسیب‌پذیری خشکسالی با تلفیق سه نقشه معیار در GIS  تهیه شد و طبقات خطر نهایی بر اساس امتیاز خطر که با توجه شاخص‌های اصلی تعیین شد، مشخص شدند. نقشه آسیب‌پذیری نهایی نشان می‌دهد که مناطق با خطر شدید (29 درصد از استان) که در بخش‌های شمالی و مرکزی منطقه مورد مطالعه مشاهده می‌‌شود،  بسیار گسترده@تر از مناطق تحت کلاس خطر کم است. اگرچه تقریبا بیش از نیمی از استان (64٪) در کلاس خطر متوسط ​​خشکسالی تعیین شد. 9 16 مسعود مسعودی M. Masoudi Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shieaz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran مریم الهایی سحر M. Elhaeesahar Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shieaz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran خشکسالی سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی نقشه خطر خوزستان شاخص بارش استاندارد Alley, W. M. (1984). The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and assumptions. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 23, 1100-1109. Asrari, E., & Masoudi, M. (2010). Hazard assessment of climate changes, a case study area: Fars Province, Iran. Pollution Research, 29, 275-281.##Asrari, E., Masoudi, M., & Hakimi, S. S.  (2012). GIS overlay analysis for hazard assessment of drought in Iran using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Journal of Ecology and Field Biology, 35, 323-329.##Austin, R. B., Cantero- Martínez, C., Arrúe, J. L., Playán, E., & Cano-Marcellán, P. (1998).Yield-rainfall relationships in cereal cropping systems in the Ebro river valley of Spain. European Journal of Agronomy, 8, 239-248.##Beran, M. A., & Rodier, J. A. (1985). Hydrological Aspects of      Drought. Studies and Reports in Hydrology, 39; Geneva:    UNESCO-WMO.##Bonaccorso, B., Bordi, I., Cancelliere, A., Rossi, G., & Sutera, A. (2003). Spatial variability of drought: an analysis of the SPI in Sicily. Water Resources Management, 17, 273-296.##Bruce, J. P. (1994). Natural disaster reduction and global change. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,75, 1831-1835.##DeGaetano, A. T. (1999). A temporal comparison of drought impacts and responses in the New York City metropolitan area. Climatic Change, 42, 539-560.##Domonkos, P. (2003). Recent precipitation trends in Hungary in the context of larger scale climatic changes. Natural Hazards, 29, 255-271.##Dracup, J. A., Lee, K. S., & Paulson, EG. (1980). On the definition of droughts. Water Resources Research, 1, 297-302.##Edwards, D. C., & McKee, T. B. (1997). Characteristics of 20th century drought in the united states at multiple time scales. Atmospheric Science, Paper No. 634. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.##Ensafi Moghaddam, T. (2007). An investigation and assessment of climatological indices and determination of suitable index for climatological droughts in the Salt Lake Basin of Iran. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 14, 271-288.##Evans, J., & Geerken, R. (2004). Discrimination between climate and human-induced dryland degradation. Journal of Arid Environment, 57, 535-554.##Feiznia, S., Gooya, A. N., Ahmadi, H., & Azarnivand, H. (2001). Investigation on desertification factors in Hossein-Abad Mish Mast plain and a proposal for a regional model. Journal of Biaban, 6, 1-14.##Flannigan, M. D., & Harrington, J. B. (1988). A study of the relation of meteorological variables to monthly provincial area burned by wildfire in Canada (1953-1980). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 27, 441-452.##Guttman, N. B. (1998). Comparing the Palmer drought index and the Standardized Precipitation Index. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34, 113-121.##Guttman, N. B.,Wallis, J. R., & Hosking, J. R. M. (1992). Spatial comparability of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Water Resources Bulletin,28, 1111-1119.##Hayes, M. J., Svoboda, M. D. Wilhite, D. A., & Vanyarkho, OV. (1999). Monitoring the 1996 drought using the Standardized Precipitation Index. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80, 429-438.##Heim, R. R. (2002). A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 83, 1149-1165.## Karl, T. R. (1983). Some spatial characteristics of drought duration in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 22, 1356-1366.##Komuscu, A. U. (1999). Using the SPI to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of drought in Turkey. Drought Network News, 11, 7-13.##Lana, X., Serra, C., & Burgueño, A. (2001). Patterns of monthly rainfall shortage and excess in terms of the Standardized Precipitation Index for Catalonia (NE Spain). International Journal of Climatology, 21, 1669-1691.##Leilah, A. A., & Al-Khateeb, SA. (2005). Statistical analysis of wheat yield under drought conditions. Journal of Arid Environment, 61, 483-496.##Masoudi, M. (2010). Risk assessment and remedial measures of land degradation, in parts of southern Iran. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP). ##Masoudi, M., & Afrough, E. (2011). Analyzing trends of precipitation for humid, normal and drought classes using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), a case of study: Fars Province, Iran. International Journal of Agri Science , 1, 85-96.##Masoudi, M., Patwardhan, A. M., & Gore, S. D. (2007). Risk assessment of lowering of ground water table using GIS for the Qareh Aghaj Sub Basin, Southern Iran. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 70, 861-872.##McKee, TBN., Doesken, N. J., & Kleist, J. (1993). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Eight Conference on Applied Climatology, 1993 Jan 17-22, Anaheim, CA, pp. 179-184.##Min, SK., Kwon, W. T., Park, E. H., & Choi, Y. (2003). Spatial and temporal comparisons of droughts over Korea with East Asia. International Journal of Climatology,23, 223-233.##Morales Gil, A., Olcina Cantos, J., & Rico Amorós, A. M. (2000). Diferentes percepciones de la sequía en España: adaptación, catastrofismo e intentos de corrección. Investigations Geograficas, 23, 5-46.##Nicholson, S. E., Tucker, C. J., & Ba, M. B. (1998). Desertification, drought, and surface vegetation: an example from the west African Sahel. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 815-829.##Noruzi, R. (2007). Assessment and preparation of critical condition map of ground water resources using GIS. MSc Thesis, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.##Obasi, G. O. P. (1994). WMO‘s role in the international decade for natural disaster reduction. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75, 1655-1661.##Oladipo, E. O. (1985). A comparative performance analysis of three meteorological drought indices. International Journal of Climatology, 5, 655-664.##Palmer, W. C. (1965). Meteorological Droughts. Research Paper 45. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce.##Pausas, JG. (2004). Changes in fire and climate in the eastern Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean basin). Climatic Change, 63, 337-350.##Pickup, G. (1998). Desertification and climate change: the Australian perspective. Climate Research, 11, 51-63.##Raziei, T., Daneshkar Arasteh, P.,  Akhtari, B., & Saghafian, R. (2007). Investigation of meteorological droughts in the Sistan and Balouchestan Province, using the Standardized Precipitation Index and Markov Chain Model. Iran-Water Resources Research, 3, 25-35.##Redmond, KT. (2002). The depiction of drought. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 83, 1143-1147.## Sarhadi, A., Soltani, S., & Modarres, R. (2008). The analysis of drought extension over Isfahan province based on four drought indices. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 61, 555-570.##Svoboda, M., Le Compte, D., Hayes, M. J, Heim, R., Gleason, K., Angel, J., Rippey, B., Tinker, R., Palecki, M., Stooksbury, D., Miskus, D., & Stevens, S. (2002). The drought monitor. The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 83,1181-1190.##Tsakiris, G., & Vangelis, H. (2004). Towards a drought watch system based on spatial SPI. Water Resources Management, 18, 1-12.##Vicente-Serrano, SM., & Beguería, S. (2003). Estimating extreme dry-spell risk in the middle Ebro valley (Northeastern Spain): a comparative analysis of partial duration series with a General Pareto distribution and Annual maxima series with a Gumbel distribution. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1103-1118.##Wilhite, DA., & Glantz, MH. (1985). Understanding the drought phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water International, 10, 111-120.##Wilhite, DA. (2000). Drought as a natural hazard: concepts and definitions. Drought: A Global Assessment, 1, 3-18.##Wu, H., Hayes, M. J. Wilhite, D. A., & Svoboda, M. D. (2005). The effect of the length of record on the Standardized Precipitation Index calculation. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 505-520.##Zareiee, A. R. (2009a). Climate changes in Iran. M. Sc. Seminar Reported in Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. ##Zareiee, A. R. (2009b.) Vulnearibility Assessment of drought using GIS in Qareh Aghaj Basin, Southern Iran. M. Sc thesis, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. ##Zehtabian, G., & Jafari, R. (2002). Evaluation of water resources degradation in Kashan area using desertification model. Journal of Ecology, 30, 19-30.##

1 بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر نگرش کشاورزان پسته‌کار ایران به خصوصی‌سازی فعالیت‌های ترویج کشاورزی: مورد مطالعه استان کرمان Factors Affecting Attitude of Iranian Pistachio Farmers toward Privatizing Extension Activities: Case of Kerman Province https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5516.html 10.22099/iar.2018.27090.1258 1 Agricultural extension, as an informal educational system, is one of agricultural development tools that lean on human capitals. Inefficiency of public bureaucracy on the one hand, and managerial problems on the other hand, as well as neglecting real needs of beneficiaries in planning, have determined responsible to transfer administrative tasks to the private sector and reduce government''s tenure. This survey was conducted in Kerman as the first ranked province of pistachio production in Iran to investigate attitudes about extension private services among pistachio farmers. A questionnaire was used as the research tool for data collection. Face validity of the questionnaire was verified by extension experts and Cronbach''s alpha computation showed that reliability of the questionnaire was between 0.8 and 0.89. The study ran among pistachio farmers of five counties (Rafsanjan, Sirjan, Zarand, Kerman and Ravar). Random cluster sampling method, with a sample size of 382 respondents was applied. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results revealed that several factors such as education level, participating in extension activities, innovation acceptance, membership in associations, cosmopolitan, positive attitude toward knowledge and information, applying numerous information resources, pistachio yield per hectare, area of the pistachio garden and satisfaction of the private consultants had relation with attitude toward privatization of extension. Also, the level of participation in extension activities and attitude toward the public extension could explain 24.8 percent of changes in attitude toward private extension. 0 ترویج کشاورزی به‌عنوان یک نظام آموزشی خارج از مدرسه، یکی از ابزارهای توسعه کشاورزی است که بر سرمایه‌های انسانی تکیه دارد. ناکارائی نظام دولتی از یکسو و مشکلات مدیریتی و اعتباری از سوی دیگر و مضاف بر آن بی­توجهی به نیازهای واقعی بهره‌ برداران در برنامه­ریزی­ها، متولیان امر را مصمم به واگذاری امور اجرائی به بخش خصوصی و کاهش تصدی‌گری دولت نموده است. تحقیق حاضر در استان کرمان به عنوان رتبه نخست تولید پسته ایران، با هدف بررسی نگرش پسته­کاران به خدمات خصوصی ترویج انجام شد. از پرسشنامه به‌عنوان ابزار تحقیق برای جمع­آوری داده­ها استفاده گردید. روائی صوری آن توسط کارشناسان ترویج تأیید شد و  به روش کرونباخ آلفا، پایائی شاخص­های آن بین 80/0 تا 89/0 محاسبه گردید. جمعیت مورد مطالعه شامل پسته­کاران پنج شهرستان پسته خیز استان کرمان شامل رفسنجان، سیرجان، زرند، کرمان و راور بود. روش نمونه­گیری بصورت نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای تصادفی بوده و حجم نمونه 382 نفر تعیین شد. تحلیل داده­ها با استفاده از نرم­افزار آماری SPSS انجام گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که عوامل متعددی همانند سطح تحصیلات، شرکت در فعالیت­های ترویجی، نوپذیری، عضویت در تشکل‌ها، جهان‌شهری بودن، نگرش مثبت نسبت به دانش و اطلاعات، بکارگیری منابع متعدد اطلاعات، عملکرد تولید پسته در هکتار، مساحت باغ پسته و رضایت از مشاوران خصوصی با نگرش نسبت به خصوصی­سازی خدمات ترویج کشاورزی  ارتباط دارند. همچنین میزان مشارکت در فعالیت های ترویج و نگرش نسبت به ترویج دولتی توانستند 8/24 درصد از تغییرات در نگرش نسبت به خصوصی‌سازی ترویج را تبیین نمایند. 17 24 نامدار راضیه . R. Narmada Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz I. R. Iran Iran آرمان بخشی جهرمی A. Bakhshi Jahromi Socio-Economic and Agricultural Extension Research Department, Fars Agricultural andNatural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz. I. R. Iran Iran نگرش کشاورزان خصوصی سازی ترویج کرمان  Agriculture Organization of Khorasan Razavi., (2015). Pistachio report. Retrieved from: www.koaj.ir/ Modules/ GetFile. aspx?Source.##Banks, N., Hulme, D., & Edwards, M. (2015). NGOs, states, and donors revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort? World Development, 66, 707-718.##Boubakri, N., Smaoui, H., & Zammiti, M. (2009). Privatization dynamic and economic growth. Journal of Business & Policy Research, 4 (2), 16-44.##Dower, P. C., & Markevich, A. (2014). A history of resistance to privatization in Russia. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(4), 855-873.##Ebrahimi, H. R. (2002). Investigating privatization areas among farmers of the Shiraz, Eghlid and Larestan townships of Fars province. Research report, Unpublished. (In Persian).##Farrokhi S., & Sadighi, H. (2005). Investigating the attitudes of farmers and experts Ilam toward privatization of agricultural extension. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 36(2). 408-399. (In Persian)##Ghaderi, N., Noori, M., & Dehkordi, A. (2009). Investigating obstacles of technical consulting services in the city of Zanjan. Forth Congress of Agricultural Extension and Education, Iran. 291-390. (In Persian)##Hanchinal, S. N., Sundaraswamy, B., & Ansari, M. R. (2001). Attitudes and preferences of extension personnel towards privatization of extension services. Retrieved from: http://www.manage.gov.in/pvtext/pvext/htm.##Hejazi, Y., & Soltani, Sh. (2006). Farmers'' participation in agricultural extension funding, a case studyin Varamintownship. Research and Development, 72, 79-73. (In Persian)##HoseinMohammadi, M. (2008). Analysis of Wheat Consultant Engineers characteristics and their relation with their success rate in Fars province. Master''s thesis, University of Shiraz. (In Persian)##Hoseini, S. M. (1996). New global privatization trends in agricultural extension and adjustment costs. Proceedings of the first scientific seminar of natural resource extension, cattle breeding and aquaculture, Tehran. Ministry of construction Jihad (pp. 348-325).##Hu, R., Yang, Z., Kelly, P., & Huang, J. (2009). Agricultural extension system reform and agent time allocation in China. China Economic Review, 20(2), 303-315.##Hulme, D. (2013). Poverty and development thinking: Synthesis or uneasy compromise? BWPI Working Paper, 180. Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute (24 pages). Retrieved from:  www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/../working papers/ bwpi-wp-18013.pdf## Jiyawan, R., Jirli, B., & Singh, M. (2009). Farmers’ view on privatization of agricultural extension services. Indian Reserch Journal of Extension and Education, 9(3), 63-67.##Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.##Labarthe, P., & Laurent, C. (2013). Privatization of agricultural extension services in the EU: Towards a lack of adequate knowledge for small-scale farms? Food Policy, 38, 240-252.##Lashkarara, F., & Hosseini, M. (2008). Investigating appropriate strategies of private extension services, from the view point of extension specialists of ministry of agricultural Jihad. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences, 4(1), 97-89. (In Persian)##Lizawati Aman, A. H., Harun, A., & Hussein, Z. (2012). The influence of environmental knowledge and concern on green purchase intention the role of attitude as a mediating variable. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 7(2), 145-167.##Razavanfar, A., Zalali N., & Sepahrian, N. (2007). Investigating the possibility of privatization of livestock breeding activities from the viewpoint of extension specialists. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources. 14(1), 128-119. (In Persian)##Rivera, W. M. (1997). Agricultural extension in the next decade. European Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 4(1), 29-38.##Rogers, E. M., & Shoemaker, F. Floyd (1990). Communication of Innovations: A Cross-cultural Approach. Translated by Ezatollah Karami and Abu Talib Fanaei. Shiraz: Shiraz University Press.##Sadighi, H., & Biglarian, M. (2004). Senior manager’s attitudes of agricultural organizations towards privatization of agricultural extension in Iran. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 8(4), 28-17. (In Persian)##Saravanan, R., Nagaraj, K. H., & Shivalinge Gowda, N. S. (2000). Privatizing agricultural extension concepts, reasons and assumption. Abstract of research paper. National Seminar on private extension.  India: National institute of agricultural extension management. Retrived from http://www.manage.gov.in/pvtext/Abstracts.htm.##Shivalinge, Gowda, N. S., & Saravanan, R. (2001). Attitude and preferences of agricultural scientists toward privatization of agricultural extension service (P Chandra, Shekaraed). Private Extension in India: Myths, Realities, Apprehension and Approaches. National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management. Retrived from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.122.966&rep=rep1&type=pdf.##

1 شبکه عصبی مصنوعی هدایت هیدرولیکی معادله فلیپ ضریب جذب نفوذ آب Estimating the parameters of Philip infiltration equation using artificial neural network https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5472.html 10.22099/iar.2019.5472 1 Infiltration rate is one of the most important parameters used in irrigation water management. Direct measurement of infiltration process is laborious, time consuming and expensive. Therefore, in this study application of some indirect methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) for prediction of this phenomenon was investigated. Different ANNs structures including two training algorithms (TrainLM and TrainBR), two transfer functions (Tansig and Logsig), and different combinations of the input variables such as sand, silt, and clay fractions, bulk density (BD), soil organic matter (SOM), cumulative infiltration (CI) and elapsed time were used to predict sorption coefficient (S) and hydraulic conductivity (A) in Philip equation (I=S*t0.5+A*t), which corresponded to 30 soil samples from study areas located in the Agricultural College, Shiraz University, (Bajgah). A two-hidden layer ANNs with two and three neurons in the hidden layers, respectively and TrainLM algorithm performed the best in predicting S when Logsig and Tansig were used. Silt+ clay+ sand+ time+ CI combination was the most basic influential variables for the S prediction. Furthermore, a two-hidden layer ANNs with two and three neurons in the hidden layers, respectively and TrainBR algorithm performed the best in predicting A when Tansig and Tansig were used. Silt +clay +sand +BD + OM+ time+ CI combination was the most basic influential variables for A prediction. Results showed that increasing the hidden layers and input variables significantly improved the ANNs performance. The coefficient of determination (R2) confirmed that the ANNs predictions for A (84.6 %) fit data better than S (77.5 %). 0 نفوذپذیری آب در خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین پدیده‌های فیزیکی خاک است. روش‌های تجربی تعیین معادله‌های نفوذ، نیازمند انجام آزمایش‌های زمان بر و پرهزینه است، لذا در این پژوهش از روش غیرمستقیم شبکه عصبی مصنوعی برای تخمین مقادیر ضریب جذب (S)  و فاکتور انتقال(A)  معادله فیلیپ استفاده شد. ساختارهای مختلف شبکه عصبی مصنوعی متشکل از الگوریتم های آموزش TrainLM  و TrainBR و توابع انتقال لوگ سیگموئید و تانژانت سیگموئید برای لایه‌های میانی و تابع تبدیل خطی برای لایه خروجی و ترکیبات متفاوتی از ورودی‌ها، شامل مقادیر نفوذ تجمعی و زمان‌های مربوط به هرکدام، به‌عنوان ورودی ثابت و درصد شن، درصد سیلت، درصد رس، چگالی ظاهری و ماده آلی به عنوان ورودی‌های متغیر، برای 30 نقطه در دانشکده کشاورزی واقع در منطقه باجگاه بررسی گردید. برای تخمین ضریب جذب بهترین ساختار دارای دو لایه مخفی و 3 ورودی (درصد شن، درصد سیلت و درصد رس) با دو نرون در لایه اول و سه نرون در لایه دوم و الگوریتم آموزش TrainLM بود. برای تخمین فاکتور انتقال بهترین ساختار دارای دو لایه مخفی و 5 ورودی (چگالی ظاهری، مقدار ماده آلی، درصد شن، درصد سیلت و درصد رس) با دو نرون در لایه اول و سه نرون در لایه دوم و الگوریتم آموزش Train BR بود. افزایش تعداد لایه‌های مخفی و تعداد ورودی‌ها تاثیر به سزایی در بهبود نتیجه داشت و شبکه عصبی در تخمین مقادیر فاکتور انتقال عملکرد بسیار بهتری نسبت به ضریب جذب را نشان داد. مقدار ضریب تعیین (R2) نشان داد که پیشبینی های شبکه عصبی برای A (% 6/84) بهتر از S (% 5/77) می‌‌باشد. 25 36 نازنین ابریشمی شیرازی N. Abrishami-Shirazi Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran علیرضا سپاسخواه A.R. Sepaskhah Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran شبکه عصبی مصنوعی نفوذ آب معادله فلیپ ضریب جذب هدایت هیدرولیکی Basheer, I. A., & Hajmeer, M. (2000). Artificial neural networks: Fundamentals, computing, design, and application. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 43(1), 3-31. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00201-3##Blake, G., Hartge, K. p., & methods, m. (1986). Bulk density. In A. Klute(Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1—Physical and Mineralogical Methods (pp. 363-375): Soil##Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy.##Brown, M., & Chris, H. (1994). Neurofuzzy adaptive modeling and control. New York: Prentice Hall.##Cosby, B., Hornberger, G., Clapp, R., & Ginn, T. (1984). A statistical exploration of the relationships of soil moisture##characteristics to the physical properties of soils.  Water Resources Research, 20(6), 682-690.##Gardner, W. R. (1958). Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table. Soil Science, 85(4), 228-232.##Gee, G., & Bauder, G. (1986). Particle-size analysis. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1—Physical##and Mineralogical Methods (pp. 383-409). American Society of Agronomy - Soil Science Society of America.##Ghobadian, B., Rahimi, H., Nikbakht, A., Najafi, G., & Yusaf, T. (2009). Diesel engine performance and exhaust##emission analysis using waste cooking biodiesel fuel with an artificial neural network. Renewable Energy, 34(4), 976-982.##Graupe, D. (2013). Principles of Artificial Neural Networks (Vol. 7). Chicago: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd.##Green, H. W., & Ampt, G. A. (1911). Studies on soil phyics. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(01), 1-24. doi: doi:10.1017/S0021859600001441##Hagan, M., Demuth, H., & Beale, M. (1996). Neural network design. Boston, MA, USA:  PWS Publishing Company.##Hillel, D., & Gardner, W. (1970). Transient infiltration into crust-topped profiles. Soil Science, 109(2), 69-76.##Holtan, H. N. (1961). A Concept for infiltration estimates in watershed engineering. Washington DC, USA:  Agricultural Research Service - U. S. Department of Agriculture.##Horton, R. E. (1940). Approach toward a physical interpretation of infiltration capacity. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 5, 339-417.##Ibn Ibrahimy, M., Ahsan, R., & Khalifa, O. O. (2013). Design and optimization of Levenberg-Marquardt based neural network classifier for EMG signals to identify hand motions. Measurement Science Review, 13(3), 142-151.##Igbadun, H., Othman, M., & Ajayi, A. (2016). Performance of selected water infiltration models in sandy clay loam soil in Samaru Zaria. Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering, 16, 8-14.##Jain, S., Singh, V., & van Genuchten, M. (2004). Analysis of soil water retention data using artificial neural networks. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 9(5), 415-420. doi: doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:5(415)##Kim, S. (2017). MATLAB Deep Learning With Machine Learning, Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence. New York: Apress.##Kostiakov, A. V. (1932). On the dynamics of the coefficient of water percolation in soils and on the necessity for studying it from a dynamics point of view for purposes ofamelioration. Transactions of 6th Committee International Society of Soil Science, Russia, Part A, 17-21.##Kumar, M., Raghuwanshi, N., Singh, R., Wallender, W., & WO, P. (2002). Estimating evapotranspiration using##artificial neural network. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 128(4), 224-233. doi: doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:4(224)##Lei, Z. D., Yang, S. X., & Xie, S. C. (1989). One step method of scaling the soil hydraulic properties in the field. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 12, 1-10.##Lili, M., Bralts, V. F., Yinghua, P., Han, L., & Tingwu, L. (2008). Methods for measuring soil infiltration: State of the art. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 1(1), 22-30.##Machiwal, D., Jha, M. K., & Mal, B. (2006). Modelling infiltration and quantifying spatial soil variability in a wasteland of Kharagpur, India. Biosystems Engineering, 95(4), 569-582.##Mehrabi, F., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2013). Spatial variability of infiltration characteristics at watershed scale: a case study of bajgah plain. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 14(1), 13-32.##Merdun, H., Çınar, Ö., Meral, R., & Apan, M. (2006). Comparison of artificial neural network and regression pedotransfer functions for prediction of soil water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Soil and Tillage Research, 90(1–2), 108-116. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.08.011##Minasny, B., & McBratney, A. B. (2002). The method for fitting neural network parametric pedotransfer functions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66(2), 352-361. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2002.3520##Moosavi, A. A., & Sepaskhah, A. (2011). Artificial neural networks for predicting unsaturated soil hydraulic characteristics at different applied tensions. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58(2), 125-153. doi: 10.1080/03650340.2010.512289##Moosavizadeh-Mojarad, R., & Sepaskhah, A. R. (2011). Comparison between rice grain yield predictions using artificial neural networks and a very simple model under different levels of water and nitrogen application. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 58(11), 1271-1282. doi: 10.1080/03650340.2011.577423##Nelson, D., & Sommers, L. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In D. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part III-Physical and Mineralogical Methods (3rd ed., pp. 961-1010). American Society of Agronomy.##Noori, R., Karbassi, A., & Salman Sabahi, M. (2010). Evaluation of PCA and gamma test techniques on ANN operation for weekly solid waste prediction. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(3), 767-771. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.10.007##Ogbe, V., Mudiare, O., & Oyebode, M. (2008). Evaluation of furrow irrigation water advance models. Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, 16(1), 74-83.##Pachepsky, Y. A., Timlin, D., & Varallyay, G. (1996). Artificial neural networks to estimate soil water retention from easily measurable data. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60(3), 727-733. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030007x##Parasuraman, K., Elshorbagy, A., & Si, B. C. (2006). Estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity in spatially variable fields using neural network ensembles. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(6), 1851-1859. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2006.0045##Philip, J. R. (1957). The theory of infiltration: 1. The infiltration equation and its solution. Soil Science, 83(5), 345-358.##Richter, Q. Y. R. A. J. (1989). A new method for scaling Philip's equation of infiltration. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 9, 1-8.##Sablani, S., Ramaswamy, H., Sreekanth, S., & Prasher, S. (1997). Neural network modeling of heat transfer to liquid particle mixtures in cans subjected to end-over-end processing. Food Research International, 30(2), 105-116.##Saxton, K. E., Rawls, W. J., Romberger, J. S., & Papendick, R. I. (1986). Estimating generalized soil-water characteristics from texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 50(4), 1031-1036. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040039x##Schaap, M. G., Leij, F. J., & van Genuchten, M. T. (1998). Neural network analysis for hierarchical prediction of soil hydraulic properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 62(4), 847-855. doi: 10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200040001x##Shaalan, K., Riad, M., Amer, A., & Baraka, H. (1999). Speculative work in neural network forecasting: an application to Egyptian cotton production. The Egyptian Computer Journal, 27,  58-76.##Sharma, A., Sahoo, P. K., Tripathi, R., & Meher, L. C. (2016). Artificial neural network-based prediction of performance and emission characteristics of CI engine using polanga as a biodiesel. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 37(6), 559-570.##Sy, N. L. (2006). Modelling the infiltration process with a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 51(1), 3-20. doi: 10.1623/hysj.51.1.3##Van Genuchten, M. T. (1980). A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44(5), 892-898.##Zhang, G., Eddy Patuwo, B., & Y. Hu, M. (1998). Forecasting with artificial neural networks:: The state of the art. International Journal of Forecasting, 14(1), 35-62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2070(97)00044-7##Zhang, G., & Hu, M. Y. (1998). Neural network forecasting of the British Pound/US Dollar exchange rate. Omega, 26(4), 495-506. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(98)00003-6##

1 اثر کود مرغی و بیوچار آن، Funneliformis mosseae و تنش شوری بر عملکرد و غلظت عناصر کم مصرف گیاه ذرت Influence of poultry manure and its biochar, Funneliformis mosseae and salinity stress on corn yield and micronutrients concentration https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5458.html 10.22099/iar.2019.5458 1 Direct use of poultry manure (PM) as an organic fertilizer in agriculture may cause environmental concerns; therefore, application of its biochar might be an effective solution. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of PM and its biochar (PMB) (control, 1% and 2% PM (w/w), 1% and 2% (W/W) PMB) on the growth and micronutrients concentration of corn under salinity stress (0.5, 3.6, 7.9 and 12.4 dS m-1) in the presence or absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Funneliformis mosseae). Results indicated that application of PM and PMB significantly increased corn shoot dry weight (SDW) compared to that of control in non-AMF plants. However, SDW was higher in PMB application compared to that of PM by 15% and 8% for 1% and 2% (w/w) application rates, respectively. In AMF-plants, addition of 2% PMB had no significant effect on SDW compared to that of control. Hence, co-application of PMB (2%), and AMF did not increase SDW due to the fact that AMF was ineffective to enhance corn yield (at high phosphorous (P) concentration in 2% PMB rate). Salinity stress, at low levels (3.6 and 7.9 dS m-1), increased SDW of corn but at a higher level (12.4 dS m-1), decreased it significantly, in both non-AMF and AMF plants. In general, shoot micronutrients concentration (except for Cu) significantly increased along with increasing soil ECe levels in AMF and AMF plants. In non-AMF plants, only addition of 2% PMB increased shoot Mn concentration by 20% compared to that of control. However, in AMF plants, application of PM (2%) and PMB (1% and 2%) decreased Mn concentration by 27%, 16%, and 9% compared to those of control treatment, respectively. Poultry manure biochar increased corn shoot Zn, Cu and Fe concentrations compared to those of control due to the higher concentration of these nutrients in biochar compared to PM. In conclusion, pyrolysis of PM almost eliminated foul odor of PM and increased dry matter yield of corn. 0 - -استفاده مستقیم از کود مرغی به عنوان کود آلی در کشاورزی ممکن است باعث نگرانی‌های محیط زیستی گردد؛ بنابراین بکاربردن بیوچار آن ممکن است راه حل موثری باشد. یک آزمایش گلخانه‌ای به منظور بررسی اثر کود مرغی و بیوچار آن )عدم مصرف ماده آلی بعنوان کنترل، %1 و %2 (w/w) کود مرغی، و %1 و %2  (w/w)بیوچار کود مرغی) بر رشد و غلظت عناصر کم مصرف گیاه ذرت تحت تنش شوری ( 0، 6/3، 9/7، و 4/12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) در حضور و عدم حضور قارچ  میکوریزا آربوسکولار (Funneliformis mosseae) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که در تیمار بدون قارچ، کاربرد کود مرغی و بیوچار آن به طور معنی‌داری وزن خشک اندام هوایی را نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش داده است. با  کاربرد بیوچار وزن خشک اندام هوایی در حدود 15 و 8 درصد به ترتیب در تیمارهای 1 و 2 درصد در مقایسه با کود مرغی افزایش بیشتری نشان داد. در تیمار قارچ، اضافه کردن 2% بیوچار کودمرغی اثر معنی‌داری بر وزن خشک اندام هوایی نسبت به تیمار شاهد نداشت. ازاین رو، کاربرد همزمان سطح بالای بیوچار کودمرغی (2%) با قارچ در افزایش رشد گیاه، به دلیل بی اثر بودن قارچ بر افزایش عملکرد در سطح بالای فسفر در سطح 2% بیوچار کود مرغی ، مفید نبود. در گیاهان با و بدون قارچ، تنش شوری در سطوح پایین (6/3، 9/7   دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) ،  وزن خشک اندام هوایی را افزایش داد اما در سطح بالا (4/12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر)  باعث کاهش معنی‌دار آن گردید. به طور کلی، در گیاهان با و بدون قارچ، غلظت عناصر کم مصرف اندام هوایی ( به غیر از مس) با افزایش سطوح شوری به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. در تیمار بدون قارچ تنها کاربرد بیوچار%2 غلظت منگنز را نسبت به تیمار شاهد به میزان 20 درصد افزایش داد. در تیمارهای با قارچ، اضافه کردن کود مرغی %1، بیوچار 1و 2% غلظت منگز اندام هوایی را به ترتیب به میزان 27، 16 و 9 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش داد. کاربرد بیوچار کود مرغی غلظت آهن، روی و مس اندام هوایی را به دلیل غلظت بالای این عناصر غذایی در بیوچار در مقایسه با کود مرغی نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش دادند. به طور کلی، پیرولیز کود مرغی به منظور کاهش بوی بد کود مرغی و بهبود خواص آن جهت افزایش رشد گیاه ذرت مفید تشخیص داده شد. 37 46 راضیه کاظمی R. Kazemi Department of soil science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran عبدالمجید رونقی A. Ronaghi Department of soil science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran جعفر یثربی J. Yasrebi Department of soil science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran رضا قاسمی فسایی R. Ghasemi-Fasaei Department of soil science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran مهدی زارعی M. Zarei Department of soil science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran قارچ میکوریزا آربوسکولار کود آلی غلظت عناصر کم مصرف پیرولیز سدیم کلرید  Abdullahi, R., Lihan, S., & Edward, R. (2015). Effect of arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi and poultry manure on growth and nutrients uptake by maize under field condition. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research. 4(1), 158-163.##Al- Karaki, G. N. (2000). Growth of mycorrhizal tomato and mineral acquisition under salt stress. Mycorrhiza, 10(2), 51-54.##Andriolo, J. L., Luz, G. L. D., Witter, M. H., Godoi, R. D. S., Barros, G. T., & Bortolotto, O. C. (2005). Growth and yield of lettuce plants under salinity. Horticultura Brasileira, 23(4), 931-934.##Arif, M., Ali, K., Jan, M. T., Shah, Z., Jones, D. L., & Quilliam, R. S. (2016). Integration of biochar with animal manure and nitrogen for improving maize yields and soil properties in calcareous semi-arid agroecosystems. Field Crops Research, 195, 28-35.## Balzergue, C., Chabaud, M., Barker, D. G., Bécard, G., & Rochange, S. F. (2013). High phosphate reduces host ability to develop arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis without affecting root calcium spiking responses to the fungus. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 1-15.##Basiri Jahromi N, Walker, F.R., Fulcher, A., Altland, J. E., Wright, W. (2018) Growth response, mineral nutrition, and water utilization of container-grown woody ornamentals grown in biochar-amended pine bark. HortScience, 53, 347-353.##Bitzer, C. C., & Sims, J. T. (1988). Estimating the availability of nitrogen in poultry manure through laboratory and field studies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 17, 47-54.##Bouyoucos, C. J. (1962). Hydrometer method for making particle-size analysis for soils. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464-465.##Bremner, J. M. (1996). Nitrogen total. In Sparks, D. L., (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis part 3: Chemical methods (pp: 1085-1122). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America & America Society of Agronomy.##Carreón-Abud, Y., Vega-Fraga, M., & Gavito, M. E. (2015). Interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants and chicken manure in avocado rootstock production.##Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 15(4), 867-881.##Chapman, H. D. & Pratt, D. F. (1961). Methods of analysis for soil, plant, and water. California: University of California Division of Agricultural Science. p. 60.##Chun, Y., Sheng, G. Y., Chiou C. T., & Xing, B. S. (2004). Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 4649-4655.##de Oliveira, J. R. G., de Resende, G. M., de Melo, N. F., & Yano-Melo, A. M. (2017). Symbiotic compatibility between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (autoctone or##exotic) and three native species of the Caatinga in different phosphorus levels. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 39(1), 59-69.##Evelin, H., Kapoor, R., & Giri, B. (2009). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviation of salt stress: a review. Annals of Botany, 104(7), 1263-1280.##Forján, R., Rodríguez-Vila, A., Pedrol, N., & Covelo, E. F. (2017). Application of compost and biochar with Brassica juncea L. to reduce phytoavailable concentrations in a settling pond mine soil. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 9(5), 821-834.##Gosling, P., Hodge, A., Goodlass, G., & Bending, G. D. (2006). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 113(1), 17-35.##Gosling, P., Mead, A., Proctor, M., Hammond, J. P., & Bending, G. D. (2013). Contrasting arbuscular mycorrhizal communities colonizing different host plants show a similar response to a soil phosphorus concentration gradient. New Phytologist, 198(2), 546-556.##Gunes, A., Inal, A., Sahin, O., Taskin, M. B., Atakol, O., & Yilmaz, N. (2015). Variations in mineral element concentrations of poultry manure biochar obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures, and their effects on crop growth and mineral nutrition. Soil Use and Management, 31(4), 429-437.##Gunes, A., Inal, A., Taskin, M. B., Sahin, O., Kaya, E. C., & Atakol, A. (2014). Effect of phosphorus‐enriched biochar and poultry manure on growth and mineral composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv.) grown in alkaline soil. Soil Use and Management, 30(2), 182-188.##Helmke, P. A., & Sparks, D. L. (1996). Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. In Sparks, D. L., (Ed), Methods of soil analysis Part 3 (pp: 551-573). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America & America Society of Agronomy.##Inal, A., Gunes, A., Sahin, O., Taskin, M. B., & Kaya, E. C. (2015). Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use and Management, 31(1), 106-113.##Ippolito, J. A., Berry, C. M., Strawn, D. G., Novak, J. M., Levine, J., & Harley, A. (2017). Biochars reduce mine land soil bioavailable metals. Journal of Environmental Quality, 46(2), 411-419.##Ippolito, J. A., Laird, D. A., & Busscher, W. J. (2012). Environmental benefits of biochar. Journal of environmental quality, 41(4), 967-972.##Khaliq, T. A. S. N. E. E. M., Mahmood, T. A. R. I. Q., Kamal, J. A. V. E. D., & Masood, A. M. I. R. (2004). Effectiveness of farmyard manure, poultry manure and nitrogen for corn (Zea mays L.) productivity. International  Journal of  Agriculture and Biology, 2, 260-263.##Konieczny, A., & Kowalska, I. (2017). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the content of zinc in lettuce grown at two phosphorus levels and an elevated zinc level in a nutrient solution. Journal of Elementology, 22(2), 761-772.##Kormanik, P. P. & McGraw, A. C. (1982). Quantification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plant roots. In Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research(Ed.), N. C. Schenck, (pp.37-45). St Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society.##Laghari, M., Naidu, R., Xiao, B., Hu, Z., Mirjat, M. S., Hu, M., & Abudi, Z. N. (2016). Recent developments in biochar as an effective tool for agricultural soil management: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(15), 4840-4849.##Lambert, D. H., Baker, D. E., & Cole, H. (1979). The role of mycorrhizae in the interactions of phosphorus with zinc, copper, and other elements. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 43(5), 976-980.##Lehman, A., & Rillig, M. C. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to copper, manganese and iron nutrient concentrations in crops–a meta-analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 81, 147-158.##Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42, 421-428.##Loppert, R. H., & Suarez D. L. (1996). Carbonate and gypsum. In Klute, A. et al. (Eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. 3rd ed. (pp. 437-474). WI: American Society of Agronomy, Madison.##Nedjimi, B., Daoud, Y., & Touati, M. (2006). Growth, water relations, proline and ion content of in vitro cultured Atriplex halimus subsp. schweinfurthii as affected by CaCl2. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science, 1(2), 79-89.##Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In Sparks, D.L., (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis part 3: Chemical methods. (pp: 961-1010). WI: Soil Science Society of America & America Society of Agronomy, Madison.##Parker, M. B., Perkins, H. F., & Fuller, H. L. (1959). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of poultry manure and some factors influencing its composition. Poultry Science, 38(5), 1154-1158.##Qadir, M., Ghafoor, A., & Murtaza, G. (2000). Amelioration strategies for saline soils: A review. Land Degradation & Development, 11(6), 501-521.##Qados, A. M. A. (2011). Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of bean plant Vicia faba (L.). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1), 7-15.##Rakiya, A., Lihan, S., & Edward, R. (2015). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and poultry manure on growth and nutrients uptake by maize under field condition. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 4(1), 158-163.roots##Sahin, O., Taskin, M. B., Kadioglu, Y. K., Inal, A., Pilbeam, D. J., & Gunes, A. (2014). Elemental composition of pepper plants fertilized with pelletized poultry manure. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(3), 458-468.##Sheikhi J, Ronaghi A. (2012). Growth and macro and micronutrients concentration in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as influenced by salinity and nitrogen rates. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3, 770-777.##Shortall, J. G., & Liebhardt, W. C. (1975). Yield and growth of corn as affected by poultry manure 1. Journal of Environmental Quality, 4(2), 186-191.##Smith, S. E., & Read, D. J. (2008).Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd Edn. London: Academic Press.##Summer, M. E., & Miller, W. P. (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficient. In Sparks, D.L., (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3: Chemical Methods (pp:1201-1230). Soil Science Society of America & Madison, WI: America Society of Agronomy.##Tarkalson, D. D., Jolley, V. D., Robbins, C. W., & Terry, R. E. (1998). Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrition of wheat and sweet corn grown in manure‐treated and untreated topsoil and subsoil. Journal of Plant nutrition, 21(9), 1985-1999.##Watanabe, F. S. & Olsen, S.R. (1965). Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Phosphorus in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts from the Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 29, 677-678.##Xu, Z., Ban, Y., Yang, R., Zhang, X., Chen, H., & Tang, M. (2016). Impact of funneliformis mosseae on the growth, lead uptake, and localization of Sophora viciifolia. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 62(4), 361-373.##Yang, S. J., Zhang, Z. L., Xue, Y. X., Zhang, Z. F., & Shi, S. Y. (2014). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase salt tolerance of apple seedlings. Botanical Studies, 55, 70.##Yuan JH Xu RK, Zhang, H. (2011). The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperature. Bioresource Technology. 102, 3488-3497.##Zarei, M., Saleh-Rastin N., Salehi Jouzani, GH., Savaghebi, GH., & Buscot F. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhizal abundance in contaminated soils around a zinc and lead deposit. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44, 381-391.##Zhu, J. K. (2001). "Plant salt tolerance". Trends in Plant Science, 6(2), 66-71.##

1 ترسیب کربن در گیاه و خاک مزارع نیشکر در سیستم‌های مختلف کشت Carbon sequestration in sugarcane plant and soil with different cultivation systems https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5520.html 10.22099/iar.2019.30598.1295 1 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a multi-purpose crop, mainly planted in South-western (SW) parts of Iran. However, the capability of sugarcane farms to sequestrate carbon into soil and plant is not well documented. In this research, the carbon sequestration in sugarcane plant and soil in a ratooning traditional cultivation system at the Amirkabir Sugarcane Agro-Industry Complex in Khuzestan Province was evaluated during 2013-2014. The soil samples were randomly collected at 0-30 cm top layer and soil organic carbon (SOC) was analysed in laboratory. Simultaneously, both aboveground and underground parts of sugarcane plants were sampled and the carbon content of each part was measured separately. The carbon stored in the aboveground parts (leaves and shoots) was significantly (p≤0.01) higher (1292 kg ha-1) than that (655 kg ha-1) of underground organs (roots). The total SOC (1987.3 kg ha-1) was not considerably higher than the sequestrated carbon (1947 kg ha-1) in plant parts. Furthermore, a positive and significant correlation was found between SOC and soil clay content. Overall, 3934.5 kg ha-1 sequestrated carbon equal to 14439.6 kg ha-1 atmospheric CO2 was estimated to be in sugarcane farms. In conclusion, the results showed that the Ratoon I has the highest potential of carbon sequestration than other treatments. Current sugarcane farming practices in Khuzestan could act as an important pool for carbon sequestration and consequently enhancing the mitigation of climate change impacts. It seems that changing the current sugarcane traditional harvesting system which is predominantly based on burning the residues towards the suitable management could enhance the capability of carbon sequestration even more. 0 نیشکر گیاهی چند منظوره است که عمدتاً در قسمت­های جنوب غربی ایران کشت می­شود. تاکنون در مورد قابلیت ترسیب کربن مزارع نیشکر ایران پژوهش­های کافی صورت نگرفته است. در این پژوهش، ترسیب کربن در اندام­های گیاه و خاک مزارع تحت کشت نیشکر در خوزستان که به روش سنتیراتونینگ کشت و برداشت می­شوند مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. به این منظور، نمونه­های خاک از لایه سطحی 30-0 سانتی­متری به صورت تصادفی برداشت و میزان کربن آلی، اسیدیته، هدایت الکتریکی، بافت و وزن ویژه ظاهری آن­ها تعیین شد. به صورت همزمان از اندام­های هوایی (برگ و ساقه) و زیر زمینی (ریشه) گیاه نیشکر نمونه­گیری صورت گرفت و میزان کربن هر بخش به صورت  جداگانه تعیین شدند. نتایج نشان داد که کربن ذخیره شده در بخش بالای سطح خاک (برگ و ساقهبه میزان kg ha-11292) به صورت معنی داری (p≤0.05) بیشتر از  اندام­های زیرزمینی (ریشه­ به میزان kg ha-1 655) می­باشد. کل کربن ترسیب شده در خاک (به میزان kg ha-1 3/1987) با میزان کربن ترسیب شده در کل اندام­های گیاهی (به میزان kg ha-11947) اختلاف معنی­داری نداشت. علاوه بر این، همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری بین کربن آلی و میزان رس خاک مشاهده شد. برآوردها نشان داد که مقدار کربن ترسیب شده در گیاه و خاک مزارع نیشکر خوزستان kg ha-1 5/3934 است که معادل kg ha-1 6/14439دی اکسید کربن جذب شده از اتمسفر است. به طور کلی، نتایج نشان داد در سیستم کشت راتونینگ، کل کربن ترسیب شده در مرحله راتون 1 بیشترین میزان را دارد. در نتیجه کشت نیشکر در جنوب غرب ایران می تواند به عنوان  حوضچه­ای مهم برای ذخیره کربن عمل کرده و در نتیجه موجب کاهش اثرات تغییرات اقلیمی گردد. به نظر می­رسد که ایجاد تغییر در سامانه فعلی برداشت محصول نیشکر که بر مبنای سوزانیدن بقایای گیاهی در مزرعه است و حرکت به سوی مدیریت پایدار با هدف حفظ بقایای گیاهی، بتواند توانایی ترسیب کربن این مزارع را افزایش دهد. 47 54 علیرضا عزیزی Alireza Azizi Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Iran alireza.andika@yahoo.com غلامعباس قنبریان Gholamabbas Ghanbarian Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran ایران ghanbarian@shirazu.ac.ir علیمراد حسنلی Ali Hassanli Emeritus Professor at Shiraz University and Adjunct Professor at School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia Iran ali.hassanli@unisa.edu.au محمود شمیلی Mahmoud Shomeili Manager of Agronomy Department in Iranian Sugarcane Research and Training Institute Iran eshomeli@gmail.com تغییر اقلیم استان خوزستان سامانه کشت راتونینیگ کربن آلی خاک Anaya, C.A., & Huber-Sannwald, E. (2015). Long-term soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics after conversion of tropical forest to traditional sugarcane agriculture in East Mexico. Soil and Tillage Research, 147:20–29.##Bikila, N.G., Tessema, Z.K., Abule, E.G. (2016). Carbon sequestration potentials of semi-arid rangelands under traditional management practices in Borana, Southern Ethiopia. Agriculture Ecosystemand and Environment, 223 (1): 108–114.##Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal, 54(5), 464-465.##Buyanovsky, G.A., & Wagner, G.H. (1998). Carbon cycling in cultivated land and its global significance. Global Change Biology. 4 (2),131-141.##Cancado, J.E., Saldiva, P.H.,. Pereira, L.A., Lara, L.B., Artaxo, P., Martinelli, L.A., Arbex, M.A., Zanobetti, A., & Braga. A.L.F. (2006). The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114 (1), 725-729.## Carter, M.R. (2008). Soil sampling and methods of analysis. CRC Press.##Cerri, C.C., Galdos, M.V., Maia, S.M.F., Bernoux, M., Feigl, B.J., Powlson, D., & Cerri, C.E.P. (2011). Effect of sugarcane harvesting systems on soil carbon stocks in Brazil: an examination of existing data. European Journal of Soil Science, 62 (1), 23-28.##Chandra, R., Rana, N. S., Kumar, S., & Panwar, G. S. (2008). Effects of sugarcane residue and green manure practices in sugarcane-ratoon-wheat sequence on productivity, soil fertility and soil biological properties. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 54(6), 651-664.##D'Alessandro, D. M., Smit, B., & Long, J. R. (2010). Carbon dioxide capture: prospects for new materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49 (35), 6058-6082.##Davis, S. J., Caldeira, K., & Matthews, H. D. (2010). Future CO2 emissions and climate change from existing energy infrastructure. Science, 329 (5997), 1330-1333.##De Figueiredo, E. B., Panosso, A. R., Romão, R., & La Scala, N. (2010). Greenhouse gas emission associated with sugar production in southern Brazil. Carbon Balance and Management, 5 (1), 3.##Falloon, P., P. Smith, R. Betts, C.D. Jones, J. Smith, D. Hemming, & A. Challinor. (2009). Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas fluxes from cropland soils–climate opportunities and threats. In Singh S. N.(ed.) Climate change and crops (pp.81-111). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.##FAOSTAT (2016).Availabale from: http:// faostat3. fao.org/ download/Q/QC/E/.##Freibauer, A., Rounsevell, M. D., Smith, P., & Verhagen, J. (2004). Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe. Geoderma, 122 (1), 1-23.##Galdos, M. V., Cerri, C. C., & Cerri, C. E. P. (2009). Soil carbon stocks under burned and unburned sugarcane in Brazil. Geoderma, 153 (3-4), 347-352.##Gao, Y. H., Luo, P., Wu, N., Chen, H., & Wang, G. X. (2007). Grazing intensity impacts on carbon sequestration in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3 (6), 642-647.##Ghanbarian, G., Hassanli, A., & Rajabi, V. (2015). Comparing potential carbon sequestration of different parts of mountain almond and grape plants and soil in Fars province. Journal of Natural Environment, 68 (2): 257-265.##Goldemberg, J. (2007). Ethanol for a sustainable energy future. Science, 315 (5813), 808-810.##Graham, M. H., Haynes, R. J., & Meyer, J. H. (2002). Soil organic matter content and quality: effects of fertilizer applications, burning and trash retention on a long-term sugarcane experiment in South Africa. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34 (1), 93-102.##IBM Corp. (2010). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows.Ver. 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.##IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (1996). Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry. IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Kanagawa, Japan. 12 p. [http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf.html]. Accessed at: 12/11/2016.##IPCC, (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2015). Mitigation of climate change. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. 1435 p., [http:// www. mitigation2014. org/] Accessed at: 24/05/2017.##Jafarian, Z., & Tayefeh, S.A.L. (2013). Carbon sequestration potential in dry farmed wheat in Kiasar region. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(1): 31-41 (In Farsi with English abstract).##Kottek, M., J.Grieser, C.Beck, B.Rudolf, and F.Rubel. (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrif ,15(3):259–263.##Lal, R. (2001). World cropland soils as a source or sink for atmospheric carbon. Advances in Agronomy. 71, 145-191.##Li, Y.L., L. Wang, W.Q. Zhang, S.P. Zhang, H.L. Wang, X.H. Fu, and Y.Q.Le. (2010). Variability of soil carbon sequestration capability and microbial activity of different systems of salt marsh soils at Chongming Dongtan. Ecological Engineering, 36 (12): 1754-1760.##Meier, E. A., Thorburn, P. J., Wegener, M. K., & Basford, K. E. (2006). The availability of nitrogen from sugarcane trash on contrasting soils in the wet tropics of North Queensland. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 75 (1-3), 101-114.##Minitab 16 Statistical Software. (2010). Minitab computer software. State College. PA: Minitab, Inc.##Nadeu, E., Gobin, A., Fiener, P., Van Wesemael, B., & Van Oost, K. (2015). Modelling the impact of agricultural management on soil carbon stocks at the regional scale: the role of lateral fluxes. Global Change Biology, 21 (8), 3181-3192.##Nosetto, M. D., Jobbágy, E. G., & Paruelo, J. M. (2006). Carbon sequestration in semi-arid rangelands: comparison of Pinus ponderosa plantations and grazing exclusion in NW Patagonia. Journal of Arid Environments, 67 (1), 142-156.##Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. & Keeney. D.R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI.##Reeder, J.D., & Schuman, G.E. (2002). Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands. Environmental Pollution, 116 (3), 457-463.##Sadeghi, H., & Raeini, M. G. N. (2016). Capability investigation of carbon sequestration in Artemisia aucheri Bioss. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13 (1), 159-164.##Scharlemann, J. P., Tanner, E. V., Hiederer, R., & Kapos, V. (2014). Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Carbon Management, 5 (1), 81-91.##Sefeedpari, P., Shokoohi, Z., & Behzadifar, Y. (2014). Energy use and carbon dioxide emission analysis in sugarcane farms: a survey on Haft-Tappeh Sugarcane Agro-Industrial Company in Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, 212-219.##Singh, M., & Sharma, R.K. (1991). Microbial population and decomposition of surgarcane trash at different relative humidity. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 39 (1):189-190.##Smith, P. (2004). Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context. European Journal of Agronomy, 20(3), 229-236.##Suman, A., Singh, K. P., Singh, P., & Yadav, R. L. (2009). Carbon input, loss and storage in sub-tropical Indian Inceptisol under multi-ratooning sugarcane. Soil and Tillage Research, 104(2), 221-226.##Tominaga, T.T., F.A.M. Cassaro, O.O.S. Bacchi, K. Reichardt, J.C.M. Oliveira, and Tominaga, T. T., Cassaro, F. A. M., Bacchi, O. O. S., Reichardt, K., Oliveira, J. C. M., & Timm, L. C. (2002). Variability of soil water content and bulk density in a sugarcane field. Soil Research, 40 (4), 604-614.##West, T.O., & Marland, G. (2002). A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 91 (1-3), 217-232.##Yadav, R. L., Prasad, S. R., Singh, R., & Srivastava, V. K. (1994). Recycling sugarcane trash to conserve soil organic carbon for sustaining yields of successive ratoon crops in sugarcane. Bioresource Technology, 49 (3), 231-235.##

1 ارزیابی ژنوتیپ های گندم در سامانه های خاک ورزی:کاربرد تکنیک الویت بندی بر اساس نزدیکی به پاسخ ایده ال Evaluation of wheat genotypes under tillage practices: application of technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5457.html 10.22099/iar.2019.5457 1 Adoption of conservative agriculture at farm level is associated with reducing the production costs and leads to crop yield stability. The aim of this study was to prioritize experimental treatments based on different criteria by applying "technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution" (TOPSIS).A filed experiment was carried out at Zarghan research station, Fars province, Iran, during 2014-2016 growing seasons. Experimental treatments were three tillage practices including conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT) that were assigned to main plots and four spring wheat genotypes (Chamran, Sirvan, Picaflor#1 and M-89-10)were randomized in subplots using split-plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. Selected criteria including two groups of economic- i.e. water cost, weed control cost, production cost and gross margin- and agronomic –i.e. grain yield and soil bulk density criteria used to prioritize the treatments. The weights of bulk density (0.040), grain yield (0.180), gross margin (0.280), water cost (0.0270), weed control cost (0.150), and production cost (0.080) was calculated. Results showed, considering all criteria to prioritize wheat genotypes under different tillage practices, that Sirvan and Picaflor#1 genotypes under RT practice could be the first treatments in 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing seasons, respectively. Therefore, the multiple criteriamethodshould be used for selection of the best tillage practices and wheat genotypes under tillage practices rather than a criterion such as grain yield or production cost. 0 پذیرش سامانه­های کشاورزی حفاظتی در سطح مزارع کشاورزان به میزان هزینه­های  تولید و پایداری بیش­تر عملکرد بستگی دارد. هدف این پژوهش،اولویت بندی تیمارها با معیارهای انتخاب شده  با استفاده از تکنیک اولویت­بندی بر اساس نزدیکی به پاسخ  ایده آل (TOPSIS)می­باشد. این پژوهش در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی زرقان، استان فارس، ایران در طی دو سال زراعی 95-1393 اجرا گردید.این آزمایش به صورت کرت­های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل سامانه­های مختلف خاک­ورزی (مرسوم، کم خاک­ورزی و بی ­خاک­ورزی) به عنوان کرت اصلی و ژنوتیپ­های گندم بهاره(چمران، سیروان، پیکافلوریک و M-89-10 )به عنوان کرت فرعی بودند.معیارهای انتخاب شده شامل دو گروه زراعی مانند وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک، عملکرد دانه و گروه اقتصادی مانند درآمد ناخالص، هزینه های کنترل علف های هرز، آب  و تولید بودند.  وزن معیارهای وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک (040/0)، عملکرد دانه ( 180/0)، بازده ناخالص (280/0)، هزینه آب (0270/0)، هزینه کنترل علف های هرز (150/0) و هزینه تولید( 080/0) بدست آمد.نتایج نشان داد که با در نظر گرفتن همه معیارها، اولین الویت متعلق به ژنوتیپ های سیروان و پیکافلوریک در سامانه کم خاک­ورزی به ترتیب در سال­های اول و دوم آزمایش بود. بنابراین استفاده از تکنیک های چند معیاره به جای تک معیار مانند عملکرد دانه و یا هزینه تولید، جهت انتخاب  بهترین سامانه خاک­ورزی و برترین ژنوتیپ گندم در سامانه های خاک­ورزی توصیه می­گردد. 55 64 شکوفه ساریخانی خرمی S. Sarikhani Khorrami Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran سید عبدالرضا کاظمینی S. A. Kazemeini Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran ابراهیم زارع E. Zare Department of Agricultural Economy, Social, Extension Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, I. R. Iran. Iran محمد جعفر بحرانی M.J. Bahrani Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran Iran سامانه مرسوم کم خاک‌ورزی بی‌خاک‌ورزی روش تاپسیس عملکرد گندم Alijani, K., Bahrani, M. J., & Kazemeini, S. A. (2012). hort-term responses of soil and wheat yield to tillage, corn residue management, and nitrogen fertilization. Soil and Tillage Research, 124, 78-82. doi:10. 1080/ 03650340. 2015.1066929.##Antucheviciene, J., Zavadskas, E. K., & Zakarevicius, A. (2010). Multiple criteria construction management decisions considering relations between criteria. Technological and Economic Development of Economy,16, 109-125. do:10.3846/tede.2010.07.##Bhushan, L., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, S., Tirol-Padre, A., Saharawat, Y. S., Gathala, M., & Pathak, H. (2007). Saving of water and labor in a rice–wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agronomy Journal, 99, 1288–1296. doi:10.2134/agronj2006.0227.##Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H. Bulk density. (1986). In Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 1Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed.; Klute, A., Ed.; American Society of Agronomy—Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 9(2), pp. 363-382.##Cardina, J., Herms, C. P., & Doohan, D. J. (2002). Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seed banks. Weed Science, 50, 448–460.  doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0448: RATSE]2.0.CO;2.##Carter M. R., & Ivany, J. A. (2006). Weed seed bank composition under three long-term tillage regimes on a fine sandy loam in Atlantic Canada. Soil and Tillage##Research, 90, 29–38. doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00043-0.##Chen, G., Weil, R. R., & Hill, R. L. (2014). Effects of compaction and cover crops on soil least limiting water##range and air permeability. Soil and Tillage Research, 136, 61–69. doi:10.1016/j.still.2013.09.004.##Conn, J. S. (2006). Weed seed bank affected by tillage intensity for barley in Alaska. Soil and Tillage Research, 90, 156–161. doi:0.1016/j.still.2005.08.014.##doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.02.030.##Erfanifard. S., Zibaei, M., & Kasraei, M. (2014). Investigation of socioeconomic factors affecting the adoption of modern technology of conservation tillage in Darab Region (Application of Multiple Logit Model). Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 28(3), 197-203. (In Persian)##Fabrizzi, K. P., Garcia, F. O., Costa, J. L., & Picone, L. I. (2005). Soil water dynamics, physical properties and corn and wheat responses to minimum and no-tillage systems in the southern Pampas of Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research, 81, 57-69. doi:10.1016/j.still.2004.05.00.1.##Fisher, J. A. & Monahan, T. (2008), Tracking the social dimensions of RFID systems in hospitals. International journal of Medical Informatics, 77, 176-183. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.04.010.##Fulop, J. (2005). Introduction to decision making methods. BDEI-3 Workshop, December 13–15, Olympia, Washington.##Gathala, M. K., Ladha, J. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Kumar, V., Kumar, V., & Sharma, P. K. (2011). Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on physical properties of a medium-textured soil under a seven-year rice–wheat rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 1851–1862. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0362.##Ghaghazardi, H. R., Jahansouz, M. R., Ahmadi, A., & Gorji, M. (2016). Effects of tillage management on productivity of wheat and chickpea under cold, rainfed conditions in western Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 162, 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.still.2016.04.010.##Hajkowicz, S., & Collins, K. (2007). A review of multiple criteria analysis for water resource planning and management. Water resources management, 21(9), 1553-1566. doi:10.1007/s11269-006-9112-5.##Hemmat, A., & Eskandari, I. (2004a). Tillage system effects upon productivity of a dryland winter wheat–chickpea rotation in the northwest region of Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 78, 69–81. doi:10.1016/j.still.2004.02.013.##Hosseini, P., Karimi, H., Babaei, S., Rahimian Mashhadi H., & Oveisi, M. (2014). Weed seed bank as affected by crop rotation and disturbance. Crop Protection, 64, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.05.022.##Jat, H. S., Singh, G., Singh, R., Choudhary, M., Jat, M. L., Gathala, M. K., & Sharma, D. K. (2015). Management influence on maize–wheat system performance, water productivity and soil biology. Soil Use Management, 1-10. doi:10.1111/sum.12208.##Jat, M. L., Gathala, M. K, Ladha, J. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Jat. A. S., Kumar, Vipin., Sharma, S. K., Kumar, V., & Gupta, R. (2009). Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-till systems in the rice–wheat rotation: Water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 105, 112–121. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2009.06##Jat, M. L., Gathala, M. K., Saharawat, Y. S., Tetarwale, J. P., Gupta, R., & Singh, Y.  (2013).  Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize–wheat rotation of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Field Crops Research, 149, 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.04.024.##Jin, H., Hongwen, L., Xiaoyan, W., McHugh, A. D., Wenying, L., Huanwen, G., & Kuhn, N. J. (2007). The adoption of annual subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in northern China. Soil and Tillage Research, 94, 493–502. doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.10.005.##Jin, K., Shen, J., Ashton, R. W., Dodd, I. C., Parry, M. A. J., & Whalley, W. R. (2013). How do roots elongate in a structured soil? Journal of Experimental Botany, 64, 4761–4777.doi:10.1093/jxb/ert286.##Kuncoro, P. H., Koga, K., Satta, N., & Muto, Y. (2014). A study on the effect of compaction on transport properties of soil gas and water. II: soil pore structure indices. Soil and Tillage Research, 143, 180–187. doi:10.1016/j.still.2014.01.008.##Lutman, P. J. W., Cussans, G. W., Wright, K. J., Wilson, B. J., Wright, G. Mc. N., & Lawson H. M. (2002). The persistence of seeds of 16 weed species over six years in two arable fields. Weed Research, 42, 231–241. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00281.x.##Michael, A. M., & Ojha, T. P. (1987). Principles of Agricultural Engineering. Vol. I, Jain Brothers Publishers, New Delhi, P. 638. ISBN 10: 8186321632 / ISBN 13: 9788186321638.##Mohler, C. L., & Callaway, M. B. (1995). Effects of tillage and mulch on weed seed production and seed banks in sweet corn. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 627-639. doi:10.2307/2404658.##Mohler, C. L., Frisch, J. C., & McCulloch, C. E. (2006). Vertical movement of weed seed surrogates by tillage implements and natural processes. Soil and Tillage Research, 86: 110–122.##Mosaddeghi, M. R., Mahboubi, A. A., & Safadoust, A. (2009). Short-term effects of tillage and manure on some soil physical properties and maize root growth in a sandy loam soil in western Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 104, 173–179. doi:10.1016/j.still.2008.10.011.##Pask, A. (2012). Determining key developmental stages. In:  Physiological breeding II: A field guide to wheat phenotyping. Pask, A., Petragella, J., Debra, M., & Reynolds, M. (Eds), International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Mexico, pp. 72-79, ISBN:978-970-648-182-5.##Rabiee, M., & Rajabian, M. (2012). Effect of tillage systems and rice residue management on morphological traits and yield of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as second crop after rice in Rasht. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 21(4), 106-121. (In Persian)##Romero, C., & Rehman, T. (1987). Natural resource management and the use of multiple criteria decision making techniques: A Review. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 14(1), 61‑89.##Saaty, R. W. (1987). The analytic hierarchy process- what it is and how it is used? Mathematical Modelling, 9(3), 161-176. doi:10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8.##Saharawat, Y. S., Singh, B., Malik, R. K., Ladha, J. K., Gathala, M., Jat, M. L., & Kumar, V. (2010). Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice–wheat rotation in North Western IGP. Field Crops Research, 116, 260–267. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2010.01.003.##Sharma, P., Abrol, V., & Sharma, R. K. (2011). Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics energy requirement and crop performance in maize–wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols, India. European Journal of Agronomy, 34, 46–51. doi: 10. 1016/ j. eja. 2010. 10.003.##Srdjevic, B., Medeiros, Y., & Faria, A. (2004). An objective multi‐criteria evaluation of water management scenarios. Water Resource Management, 18 (1), 35–54. doi: 10. 1023/ B: WARM. 0000015348. 88832.52.##Su, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, W., Lv, J., Jiang, G., Huang, J., Gao, J., Hartmann, R., & Gabriels, D. (2006).  Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water use efficiency and crop yield on the Loess Plateau, China. =/, 87, 307–314.doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2006.08.005.##Taser, O., & Metinoglu, F. (2005). Physical and mechanical properties of a clay soil as affected by tillage systems for wheat growth. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B: Soil Plant Science, 55, 186–191.doi:10.1080/09064710510008702.##Tzeng, G.H., & Huang, J.J. (2011). Multiple attribute decision making: method and applications, CRC press. P. 335, ISBN:978-1-4398-6157-8.##Uri, N. D. (2000). An evaluation of the economic benefits and costs of conservation tillage. Environmental Geology, 39 (3–4), 238-248.doi:10.1007/s002540050004.##Zentner, R.P., McConkey, B.G., Campbell, C.A., Dyck, F.B., & Selles, F. (1996). Economics of conservation tillage in the semiarid prairie. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 76, 697-705. doi:10.4141/cjps96-121.##

1 تشخیص صوتی آردی شدن سیب براساس ماشین‌بردار پشتیبان Acoustic detection of apple mealiness based on support vector machine https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5533.html 10.22099/iar.2019.32309.1328 1 Mealiness degrades the quality of apples and plays an important role in fruit market. Therefore, the use of reliable and rapid sensing techniques for nondestructive measurement and sorting of fruits is necessary. In this study, the potential of acoustic signals of rolling apples on an inclined plate as a new technique for nondestructive detection of Red Delicious apple mealiness was investigated. According to destructive confined compression tests, the mealiness of apples was evaluated by the hardness and juiciness measurements. In addition, support vector machine (SVM) models were developed to classify apples. The radial basis function (RBF) as the kernel was used in SVM models. According to exhaustive search method, the model with nine features combination was found to be the best model. Results indicated overall accuracy of 85.5 % to classify apples in mealy and healthy groups. The results indicated that this method is potentially useful for apple mealiness detection. 0 آردی‏شدن، کیفیت میوه سیب را تنزل می‏دهد و این پدیده نقش مهمی در بازار میوه ایفا می‏کند. بنابراین استفاده از تکنیکی سریع و قابل اعتماد برای اندازه‏گیری و درجه‏بندی میوه‏ها ضروری است. در این تحقیق، قابلیت سیگنال‏های صوتی سیب‏های غلتان بر روی صفحه شیب‏دار به عنوان روشی نوین در تشخیص غیرمخرب آردی شدن سیب رقم رد دلیشز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با استفاده از آزمون مخرب فشردگی محصور، میزان آردی شدن نمونه‏ها ارزیابی شد. مدل‏های ماشین بردار پشتیبان برای طبقه‏بندی سیب‏ها در نظر گرفته شد. از کرنل تابع پایه شعاعی در مدل‏های ماشین بردار پشتیبان استفاده شد. مطابق روش جستجوی جامع، مدلی با ترکیب 9 ویژگی به عنوان بهترین مدل انتخاب شد. نتایج نشان داد که میزان دقت کلی این روش برای تشخیص سیب‏های سالم و آردی برابر 5/85 درصد به دست آمد. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که روش مذکور از توانمندی خوبی برای تشخیص سیب‏های آردی برخوردار است 65 70 مجید لشگری Majid Lashgari Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Arak University, Arak, I. R. Iran Iran m-lashgari@araku.ac.ir عبداله ایمان مهر Abdollah Imanmehr Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Arak University, Arak, I. R. Iran Iran a-imanmehr@araku.ac.ir طبقه‏بندی صفحه شیب‏دار رقم رد دلیشز کرنل تابع پایه شعاعی Arana, I., Jarén, C., & Arazuri, S. (2004). Apple mealiness detection by non-destructive mechanical impact. Journal of Food Engineering, 62(4), 399-408.##Arefi, A., Moghaddam, P. A., Mollazade, K., Hassanpour, A., Valero, C., & Gowen, A. (2015). Mealiness detection in agricultural crops: destructive and nondestructive tests: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 14(5), pp.657-680.## Arefi, A., Moghaddam, P. A., Hassanpour, A., Mollazade, K., & Motlagh, A. M. (2016). Non-destructive identification of mealy apples using biospeckle imaging. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 112, 266-276.##Bechar, A., Mizrach, A., Barreiro, P., & Landahl, S. (2005). Determination of mealiness in apples using ultrasonic measurements. Biosystems Engineering, 91(3), 329-334.##Chen, F. L., & Li, F. C. (2010). Combination of feature selection approaches with SVM in credit scoring. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(7), 4902-4909.##Corollaro, M. L., Aprea, E., Endrizzi, I., Betta, E., Demattè, M. L., Charles, M., Bergamaschi, M., Costa, F., Biasioli, F., Grappadelli, L. C., & Gasperi, F. (2014). A combined sensory-instrumental tool for apple quality evaluation. Postharvest Biology and Technology 96, 135–144.##Diezma-Iglesias, B., Valero, C., García-Ramos, F. J., & Ruiz-Altisent, M. (2006). Monitoring of firmness evolution of peaches during storage by combining acoustic and impact methods. Journal of Food Engineering, 77(4), 926-935.##Dua, S., & Du, X. (2011). Data mining and machine learning in Cybersecurity. Taylor and Francis Group.##Ebrahimi, E., & Mollazade, K. (2010). Integrating fuzzy data mining and impulse acoustic techniques for almond nuts sorting. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 4(5), 353-358.##Felici, G., & Vercellis, C. (2008). Mathematical methods for knowledge discovery and data mining. Hershey, Pennsylvania, IGI Global.##Hall, M., Witten, I., & Frank, E. (2011). Data mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. Burlington: Kaufmann.##Huang, C. L., Liao, H. C., & Chen, M. C. (2008). Prediction model building and feature selection with support vector machines in breast cancer diagnosis. Expert Systems with Applications, 34(1), 578-587.##Huang, M. & Lu, R., (2010). Apple mealiness detection using hyperspectral scattering technique. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 58(3), 168-175.## Huang, M., Zhu, Q., Wang, B., & Lu, R. (2012). Analysis of hyperspectral scattering images using locally linear embedding algorithm for apple mealiness classification. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 89, 175-181.##Mendoza, F., Lu, R., & Cen, H. (2014). Grading of apples based on firmness and soluble solids content using Vis/SWNIR spectroscopy and spectral scattering techniques. Journal of Food Engineering 125, 59–68.##Moshou, D., Wahlen, S., Strasser, R., Schenk, A., & Ramon, H. (2003). Apple mealiness detection using fluorescence##and self-organising maps. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 40(1), 103-114.##Omid, M. (2011). Design of an expert system for sorting pistachio nuts through decision tree and fuzzy logic classifier. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(4), 4339-4347.##Peneau, S., Brockhoff, P. B., Hoehn, E., Escher, F., & Nuessli, J. (2007). Relating consumer evaluation of apple freshness to sensory and physico-chemical measurements. Journal of Sensory Studies 22, 313–335.##Seppä, L., Peltoniemi, A., Tahvonen, R., & Tuorila, H. (2013). Flavour and texture changes in apple cultivars during storage. LWT-Food Science and Technology 54, 500–512.##Studman, C. J. (2001). Computers and electronics in postharvest technology—a review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 30(1), 109-124.##Theodoridis, S., & Koutroumbas, K. (2009). Pattern Recognition (4th ed). Elsevier Inc.##Tiplica, T., Vandewalle, P., Verron, S., Grémy-Gros, C., & Mehinagic, E. (2010). Identification of apple varieties using acoustic measurements. In Conférence Internationale en Métrologie (CAFMET'10), p.103. Egypt: Cairo,##Unay, D., Gosselin, B., Kleynen, O., Leemans, V., Destain, M. F. & Debeir, O. (2011). Automatic grading of Bi-color,ed apples by multispectral machine vision. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 75(1), pp.204-212.##Valero, C., Barreiro, P., Ruiz-Altisent, M., Cubeddu, R., Pifferi, A., Taroni, P., Torricelli, A., Valentini, G., Johnson, D., & Dover, C. (2005). Mealiness detection in apples using time resolved reflectance spectroscopy. Journal of Texture Studies, 36(4), 439-458.##Zhang, W., Cui, D., & Ying, Y. (2014). Nondestructive measurement of pear texture by acoustic vibration method. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 96, 99-105.##

1 توزیع و ارتباط شکل‌های شیمیایی روی و مس با برخی ویژگی‌های ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﮐﺎﻧﯽ‌های رﺳﯽ تعدادی از خاک‌های آهکی Distribution of zinc and copper chemical forms and their relationship with some physico-chemical properties and clay minerals in some calcareous soils https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5538.html 10.22099/iar.2020.34620.1362 1 Determination and recognition of relative distribution of chemical forms of each element and their relationship with physical, chemical and soil clay minerals can help researchers to manage soil fertility better. This research attempted to recognize chemical fractions of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in some surface and subsurface soil samples of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province and their relation with physico-chemical properties and clay minerals. In order to carry out this research, surface and subsurface soil samples were collected in different physiographic units of the province and chemical fractions of Zn and Cu were measured by sequential extraction method and ultimately their relationship with different soil characteristics was investigated. Results showed that exchangeable and sorbed chemical fractions of Cu and Zn in all soil samples were lower than the detection limit of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Distribution of chemical fractions of both Zn and Cu followed the order: residual> carbonate> organic fractions. The low and medium mobility factor of Zn and Cu, respectively, in the studied soils indicated the different behavior of these elements in calcareous soils. Among all soil physico-chemical characteristics, organic carbon showed more obvious effects on controlling the chemical fractions of Zn. On the other hand, chemical fractions of Cu showed significant correlations with clay and silt content, as well as cation exchange capacity. The correlation between the clay minerals content with chemical forms of these elements showed that the amount of different forms of Zn and Cu is directly related with 2:1 clay minerals (especially vermiculite). 0 تعیین و شناخت توزیع نسبی هر یک از شکل‌های شیمیایی عناصر و ارتباط آن‌ها با ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و کانی‌های رسی خاک می‌تواند محققان را جهت دستیابی به مدیریت حاصلخیزی خاک کمک نماید. تحقیق حاضر به منظور بررسی و شناخت شکل‌های شیمیایی دو عنصر روی و مس در تعدادی از خاک‌های سطحی و زیرسطحی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد و ارتباط آن‌ها با ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و کانی‌های ر‌سی ثانویه انجام شد. بر این اساس، نمونه­برداری از خاک‌های سطحی و زیرسطحی در واحدهای فیزیوگرافی مختلف استان انجام و شکل‌های شیمیایی روی و مس آن‌ها با روش عصاره‌گیری دنباله‌ای تعیین و ارتباط آن‌ها با ویژگی‌های مختلف خاک بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد، در حالی‌که مقدار شکل‌های شیمیایی تبادلی و جذب سطحی شده عناصر مس و روی بسیار کم و قابل چشم پوشی بود، شکل‌‌های باقی‌مانده، کربناتی و آلی به‌ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین مقادیر از شکل‌های شیمیایی این عناصر را به خود اختصاص داد. تحرک پایین روی و تحرک متوسط مس در بیشتر خاک‌های مورد مطالعه نشان از رفتار متفاوت این دو عنصر در خاک‌های آهکی منطقه داشت. بررسی همبستگی شکل‌های شیمیایی این عناصر با ویژگی‌های خاک نشان از وجود همبستگی موثر کربن آلی با شکل‌های شیمیایی روی، و همبستگی موثر رس، سیلت، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی و کربنات کلسیم با شکل‌های شیمیایی مس داشت. همبستگی  مقادیر کمی کانی‌‌های رسی با شکل‌‌های شیمیایی این عناصر نشان داد مقدار شکل‌های مختلف روی و مس با کانی‌های سیلیکاتی 2:1 (به‌ویژه ورمی‌کولیت) ارتباط مستقیم دارد. 71 82 سیروس شاکری Sirous Shakeri Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I. R. Iran Iran shakeri@pnu.ac.ir محبوب صفاری Mahboub Saffari Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, I. R. Iran Iran mahboobsaffari@gmail.com خاک‌های آهکی شکل‌های شیمیایی مس ویژگی‌های ‌فیزیکوشیمیایی روی Ahumada, I., Mendoza, J., Navarrete, E., & Ascar, L. (1999). Sequential extraction of heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30(9-10), 1507-1519.    ##Akay, A., & Doulati, B. (2012). The effect of soil properties on Zn adsorption. Journal of International Environmental Application  &  Science, 7(1), 151.160          ##Canet, R., Pomares, F., Tarazona, F., & Estela, M. (1998). Sequential fractionation and plant availability of heavy metals as affected by sewage sludge applications to soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 29(5-6), 697-716.##Dixon, J., & Weed, S. (1989). Minerals in Soil Environments: Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.##Elgabaly, M. (1950). Mechanism of zinc fixation by colloidal clays and related minerals. Soil Science, 69(3), 167-174.##Fathi, H., Aryanpour, H., Fathi, H., & Moradi, H. (2014). Distribution of zinc and copper fractions in acid and alkaline (highly calcareous) soils of Iran. Sky Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 3(1), 6-13.##Ginder-Vogel, M., & Sparks, D. L. (2010). The impacts of X-ray absorption spectroscopy on understanding soil processes and reaction mechanisms. Developments in soil science, 34, 1-26: Elsevier.##Gondar, D., Iglesias, A., Lopez, R., Fiol, S., Antelo, J. M., & Arce, F. (2006). Copper binding by peat fulvic and humic##acids extracted from two horizons of an ombrotrophic peat bog. Chemosphere, 63(1), 82-88.##Havlin, J. L., Tisdale, S. L., Nelson, W. L., & Beaton, J. D. (2016). Soil fertility and fertilizers. New Jersey: Pearson Education India.##Heller-Kallai, L., & Mosser, C. (1995). Migration of Cu ions in Cu montmorillonite heated with and without alkali halides. Clays Clay Minerals, 43(6), 738-743.##Jalali, M., & Khanlari, Z. V. (2007). Redistribution of fractions of zinc, cadmium, nickel, copper, and lead in contaminated calcareous soils treated with EDTA. Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 53(4), 519-532.##Jin, C. W., Zheng, S. J., He, Y. F., Di Zhou, G., & Zhou, Z. X. (2005). Lead contamination in tea garden soils and factors affecting its bioavailability. Chemosphere, 59(8), 1151-1159.##Johns, W. D., Grim, R. E., & Bradley, W. F. (1954). Quantitative estimations of clay minerals by diffraction methods. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 24(4), 242-251.##Kabata-Pendias, A., & Pendias, H. (2001). Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.##Kumar, M., & Babel, A. (2011). Available micronutrient status and their relationship with soil properties of Jhunjhunu tehsil, District Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(2), 97-106.##Lodygin, E. (2018). Content of Acid-Soluble Copper and Zinc in background soils of Komi Republic. Eurasian soil science, 51(11), 1309-1316.##Loeppert, R. H., & Suarez, D. L. (1996). Carbonate and gypsum. In S. D (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis, part 3-chemical methods (pp. 437–474). Madison WI: American Society of Agronomy.##Ma, Y., & Uren, N. (1995). Application of a new fractionation scheme for heavy metals in soils. Communications in Soil Science Plant Analysis, 26(19-20), 3291-3303.##Malakoti, M. J., & Tehrani, M. M. (1999). Effects of micronutrients on the yield and quality of agricultural products. Tehran, Iran: Tarbiat Modares press.##Naganuma, K., Okazaki, M., Yonebayashi, K., Kyuma, K., Vijarnsorn, P., & Bakar, Z. A. (1993). Surface charge and adsorption characteristics of copper and zinc on tropical peat soils. Soil Science Plant Nutrition, 39(3), 455-462.##Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Sparks, D. L. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis part 3—chemical methods (pp. 961-1010). Madison WI: American Society of Agronomy.##Owliaie, H., Adhami, E., Ghiri, M. N., & Shakeri, S. (2018). Pedological investigation of a Litho-Toposequence in a semi-arid region of southwestern Iran. Eurasian Soil Science, 51(12), 1447-1461.     ##Ramos, L., Hernandez, L., & Gonzalez, M. (1994). Sequential fractionation of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in soils from or near Donana National Park. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23(1), 50-57.##Rowell, D. (1994). Soil science: methods and applications. Harlow, Essex (UK): Longman Scientific and Technical.##Rybicka, E. H., Calmano, W., & Breeger, A. (1995). Heavy metals sorption/desorption on competing clay minerals; an experimental study. Applied Clay Science, 9(5), 369-381.##Saffari, M., Karimian, N., Ronaghi, A., Yasrebi, J., & Ghasemi-Fasaei, R. (2016). Stabilization of lead as affected by various amendments and incubation time in a calcareous soil. Archives of Agronomy Soil Science, 62(3), 317-337.##Saffari, M., Yasrebi, J., Karimian, N., & Shan, X. (2009). Evaluation of three sequential extraction methods for fractionation of zinc in calcareous and acidic soils. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(7), 848-857.##Salbu, B., & Krekling, T. (1998). Characterisation of radioactive particles in the environment. Analyst, 123(5), 843-850.##Shakeri, S. (2018). Effect of soil buffering capacity and clay minerals on the rate coefficient of non-exchangeable potassium release. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science, 22, 59-75.##Shakeri, S., & Abtahi, A. (2019). Potassium fixation capacity of some highly calcareous soils as a function of clay minerals and alternately wetting-drying. Archives of Agronomy Soil Science. In Press.##Shakeri, S., & Abtahi, S. A. (2018). Potassium forms in calcareous soils as affected by clay minerals and soil development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwest Iran. Journal of Arid Land, 10(2), 217-232.##Singh, J., Karwasra, S., & Singh, M. (1988). Distribution and forms of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in calcareous soils of India. Soil Science, 146(5), 359-366.##Sipos, P. (2003). Distribution of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in natural brown forest soil profiles from the Cserhat Mts., Ne Hungary. Acta Mineralogica-petrographica, 44, 43-50.##Soil Survey Staff. (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: USDA, NRCS, 43–316.##Sparks, D. L. (2003). Environmental soil chemistry. San Diego: Elsevier.##Sposito, G., Lund, L., & Chang, A. (1982). Trace metal chemistry in Arid-zone field soils amended with Sewage Sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in solid phases. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46(2), 260-264.##Sultan, K. (2006). Clay mineralogy of central Victorian (Creswick) soils: Clay mineral contents as a possible tool of environmental indicator. Soil Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 15(4), 339-356.##Sumner, M. E., & Miller, W. P. (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. In: Sparks, D. L. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis part 3—chemical methods (pp. 1201-1229). Madison WI: American Society of Agronomy.##Tehrani, M., Balali, M., Moshiri, F., & Daryashenas, A. (2012). Fertilizer recommendation and forecast in Iran: Challenges and strategies. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 26(2), 123-144.##Torri, S., & Lavado, R. (2008). Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludge. Waste Management, 28(5), 821-832.##Wang, J. J., & Harrell, D. L. (2005). Effect of ammonium, potassium, and sodium cations and phosphate, nitrate, and chloride anions on zinc sorption and lability in selected acid and calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69(4), 1036-1046.##Yasrebi, J., Karimian, N., Maftoun, M., Abtahi, A., Sameni, A., & Analysis, P. (1994). Distribution of zinc forms in highly calcareous soils as influenced by soil physical and chemical properties and application of zinc sulfate. Communications in Soil Science, 25(11-12), 2133-2145.##Ziaeian, A. H., & Malakouti, M. J. (2001). Effects of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu fertilization on the yield and grain quality of wheat in the calcareous soils of Iran. In Horst, W. J., Schenk, M. K., Bürkert, A., Claassen, N., Flessa, H., Frommer, W. B., Goldbach, H., Olfs, H. W., Römheld, V., Sattelmacher, B., Schmidhalter, U., Schubert, S., Wirén, N. V., & Wittenmayer, L. (Eds.), Plant Nutrition: Food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems through basic and applied research (pp. 840-841). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.##

1 تاثیرات سرکه چوب کاج بر جوانه‌زنی، رشد و ویژگی‌های فتوسنتزی خیار The effects of pine wood vinegar on the germination, growth and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5567.html 10.22099/iar.2020.31134.1305 1 Wood vinegar is a substance, derived from cooling black carbon fire, which could be used instead of chemical materials in the agriculture industry as an organic compound. In order to study the effectiveness of pine wood vinegar on physiological and photosynthesis traits of cucumber, two experiments were conducted based on a completely randomized design with six treatments including 0, 1250, 2000, 2500, 3333 and 5000 mgL-1 of wood vinegar with four replications. The first experiment was designed in the laboratory in order to study the effect of pine wood vinegar priming on cucumber seeds and the second one was conducted in a greenhouse condition to investigate the effect of wood vinegar on seedlings of cucumber in Isfahan University of Technology. The highest flower number and yield in cucumber was observed in 2500 mgL-1 pine wood vinegar trearment. Photosynthesis in cucumber increased in 2000 mgL-1 pine wood vinegar trearment. The lowest transpiration in cucumber was 1.54 mmolm–2s–1 in 2000 mgL-1 pine wood vinegar treatment. 1250 mgL-1 wood vinegar treatment increased germination percentage and speeded up the germination process compare to control. The highest root length, volume and surface were observed at 1250 mgL-1 treatment. The concentration of nitrogen (5.5% DW) in the treatment of 3333 mgL-1 Pine wood vinegar, the potassium concentration in the treatment of 5000 mgL-1 and calcium and iron concentrattions in the treatment of 1250 mgL-1 were at the highest levels compared to other treatments. The highest amount of chlorophyll and photosynthesis was observed at 2000 mgL-1 treatment. The wood vinegar with 2500 mgL-1 pine wood vinegar concentration showed the highest flower and fruit yield in cucumber, but the best quality of fruit was produced by 2000 mgL-1 treatment. 0 سرکه چوب یک ماده مشتق شده از سوختن کربن سیاه است که می­تواند جایگزین مواد شیمیایی در صنعت کشاورزی به­عنوان یک ترکیب آلی گردد. به­منظور مطالعه اثر کارآیی سرکه چوب کاج بر ویژگی­های فیزیولوژیکی و فتوسنتزی خیار دو آزمایش براساس طرح کاملا تصادفی با شش تیمار شامل 1250، 2000، 2500، 3333 و 5000 میلی­گرم در لیتر سرکه چوب با چهار تکرار انجام شد. اولین آزمایش در آزمایشگاه به­منظور بررسی تاثیرات اولیه سرکه چوب بر روی بذر خیار (Cucumis sativus var. Super daminos) انجام شد و آزمایش دوم اثر سرکه چوب بر رشد گیاه خیار در گلخانه­های تحقیقاتی دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان انجام شد. بیشترین تعداد گل و عملکرد در خیار در تیمار 2500 میلی­گرم در لیتر سرکه چوب مشاهده شد. فتوسنتز در خیار در تیمار 2000 میلی­گرم در لیتر افزایش یافت. کمترین میزان تعرق  (54/1 میلی­مول برمترمربع بر ثانیه) در خیار در تیمار 2000 میلی گرم در لیتر سرکه چوب بدست امد. سرکه چوب 1250 میلی‌گرم در لیتر باعث افزایش درصد جوانه­زنی و سرعت جوانه زنی آن در مقایسه با شاهد شد.  بیشترین طول ریشه، حجم و سطح در تیمار 1250 میلی­گرم بر لیتر مشاهده شد. غلظت نیتروژن (5/5 درصد وزن خشک) در تیمار 3333 میلی­گرم در لیتر و غلظت پتاسیم در غلظت 5000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر، کلسیم و آهن در غلظت 1250 میلی­گرم در لیتر در بالاترین سطح در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها بود. بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل و فتوسنتز در تیمار 2000 میلی‌گرم در لیتر مشاهده شد. تیمار 2500 میلی­گرم در لیتر در خیار بیشترین عملکرد گل و میوه را نشان داد، اما بهترین و بالاترین کیفیت میوه با 2000 میلی­گرم در لیتر حاصل شد. 83 90 بهزاد عبداللهی پور B. Abdolahipour Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan I. R. Iran Iran zamanin1985@outlook.com مریم حقیقی M. Highchair Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan I. R. Iran Iran mhaghighi@cc.iut.ac.ir خیار گلدهی میوه غلظت عناصر عملکرد Amen-Chen, C., Pakdel, H., Roy, C. (2001). Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical conversion of biomass: A review. Bioresource Technology, 79, 277-299.##Baxter, B., Granger, J., & Van Staden J. (1995). Plant-derived smoke and seed germination: Is all smoke good smoke?##That is the burning question. South African Journal of Botany, 61, 275-277.##Brown, N., Van Staden, J., Daws, M., & Johnson, T. (2003). Patterns in the seed germination response to smoke in plants from the Cape Floristic region. South African Journal of Botany, 69, 514-525.##Burnette, R. (2013). An introduction to wood vinegar. ECHO Asia Regional Office, Durrance Road, North Fort Myers, USA. Retrieved from: http://c.ymcdn. com/sites/www.echocommunity. org.##Commander, L., Merritt, D., Rokich, D., Flematti, G., & Dixon, K. (2008). Seed germination of Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) for use in rehabilitation and commercial industries. Australian Journal of Botany, 56, 333-341.##Dixon, K. W., Roche, S., & Pate, J. S. (1995). The primitive effect of smoke derived from burnt native vegetation on seed germination of Western Australian plants. Oecologia, 101, 185-192.##Etemadi, N., Haghighi, M., Nikbakht, A., & Zamani, N. (2010). Method to promote germination of Kelussia##odaratissima an Iranian endemic medicinal plants. Herba polonica, 56(2), 21-28.##Flematti, G.R., Ghisalberti, E.L., Dixon, K.W., & Trengove, R.D. (2004). A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination. Science, 305, 977-977.##Haghighi, M., Heidarian, S., Teixeira, J., & da Silva, A. (2012). The effect of titanium amendment in N-##withholding nutrient solution on physiological and photosynthesis attributes and micro-nutrient uptake of tomato. Biological Trace Element Research, 150, 381-390.##Imanparast, L., Hassanpanah, D., & Gadimov, A. (2009). Evaluation of wood vinegar effect on wheat seeds for fungus disease control under in vitro condition. Alabama Newspaper Advertising Service, 7, 173-175.##Jothityangkoon, D., Koolachart, R., Wanapat, S., Wongkaew, S., Jogloy, S. (2008). Using wood vinegar in enhancing peanut yield and in controlling the contamination of aflatoxin producing fungus. International Crop Science, 4, 253-253.##Kim, D. H., Seo, H. E., Lee, S., Lee, K. (2008). Effects of wood vinegar mixted with insecticides on the mortalities of Nilaparvata lugens and Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Animal Cells and Systems, 12(1), 47-52.##Koç, İ. (2017). A research on determination of some effects of wood vinegar and pesticides on wheat agroecosystems. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Philosophy, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Van).##Koleva, I. I., Van Beek, T. A., Linssen, J. P. H., de Groot, A., & Evstatieva, L. N. (2002). Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: A comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis, 13, 8-17.##Loo, A.Y., Jain, K., Darah, I. (2007). Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of the pyroligneous acid from a mangrove plant, Rhizophora apiculata. Food Chemistry, 104, 300-307.##Mu, J., Uehara, T., & Furuno, T. (2003). Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants. Wood Science and Technology, 49, 262-270.##Mu, J., Uehara, T., & Furuno, T. (2004). Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radicle growth of seed plants II: Composition of moso bamboo vinegar at different collection temperature and its effects. Wood Science and Technology, 50, 470-476.##Mungkunkamchao, T., Kesmala, T., Pimratch, S., Toomsan, B., & Jothityangkoon, D. (2013). Wood vinegar and fermented bioextracts: Natural products to enhance growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Horticultural Science, 154, 66-72.##Nurhayati, T., Roliadi, H., & Bermawie, N. (2005). Production of mangium (Acacia mangium) Wood vinegar and its utilization. Journal Forest Research, 2, 13-25.##Tiilikkala, K., Fagernäs, L., & Tiilikkala, J. (2010). History and use of wood pyrolysis liquids as biocide and plant protection product.##

1 اعتبار‌سنجی استفاده از ماشین پاششی ویژه برای کاربرد علف کش عمومی (گلایفوسیت) به منظور کنترل علف‌های هرز مزارع نخود در مناطق دیم ایران Validation of the utilization of a specific spray machine to apply general herbicide (Glyphosate) for controlling weeds in chickpea farms in dry land areas of Iran https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5573.html 10.22099/iar.2020.34608.1360 1 Weeds are a serious problem of chickpea cultivation in rain-fed areas of Iran and economic feasibility of crop production is mostly challenged by the method of control. In this study, two types of weed control strategies which are common in the country, including hand removing and hand removing + mechanical application, were compared with application of general herbicide (Glyphosite) using a specific spray machine under a minimum tillage system. The trial was carried out in the farms of five ha each, along with a two-ha weedy control at Dry land Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Maragheh, Iran during cropping season 2018-2019. Chickpea cultivar “Adel” was sown under no - tillage system in planting arrangements of 17.5 × 52.5 cm using a direct drill machine followed by routine operations such as pesticide or fertilizer applications during the growth season. Three patches of 10 m2 of each treatment were randomly chosen as blocks and measurements were conducted on four randomly chosen 1 m2 samples as replications inside them. Data arranged as completely randomized blocks design were analyzed. Results showed that although higher yield indices belonged to hand removing or hand removing + mechanical applications, a powerful economic feasibility could be obtained by application of Glyphosate using the spray machine. It may be inferred from this study that in the absence or under situations where application of selective herbicides is non-economic, farmers can apply relatively in-expensive general herbicides to control weeds using this machine and gain acceptable income. 0 علف‌‌های‌ هرز یکی از مشکل‌های اصلی کشت و کار نخود در دیمزارهای ایران بوده و صرفه اقتصادی تولید تا حد زیادی وابسته به نحوه ی کنترل آنهاست. در این پژوهش، روش‌های عمده‌ی مبارزه با علف‌های‌هرز که در کشور رواج دارد؛ شامل وجین دستی و کنترل مکانیکی + وجین دستی، با کاربرد یک علف کش  عمومی ( گلایفوسیت)  با استفاده از یک ماشین پاششی مخصوص در یک سیستم بدون خاک‌ورزی مقایسه گردید. آزمایش در مزارع آزمایشی پنج هکتاری همراه با یک مزرعه دو هکتاری شاهد بدون مبارزه با علف‌هرز در طی سال زراعی 97-1396 در اراضی مؤسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور ( مراغه) انجام گرفت. نخود رقم عادل در یک آرایش کشت 5/17 × 5/52  سانتی‌متری با استفاده از یک دستگاه  کارنده‌ی مستقیم  کشت گردید و عملیات رایج زراعی مانند مبارزه با آفات و کود‌دهی در طی فصل رشد انجام شد. سه تکه زمین 10 متر‌مربعی در داخل هر تیمار بصورت کاملاً تصادفی انتخاب شده و به عنوان بلوک فرض شدند و کلیه اندازه‌گیریها در داخل چهار نمونه‌ی یک متر‌مربعی که کاملاً تصادفی و به عنوان تکرار انتخاب شده بودند، در داخل این تکه‌های ده متر‌مربعی انجام گرفت و سپس داده‌ها در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی تجزیه شدند. نتایج نشان دادند که اگرچه وجین دستی و کنترل مکانیکی + وجین دستی دارای بالاترین شاخص های عملکرد هستند، اما بیشترین توجیه اقتصادیِ کنترل متعلق به کاربرد علف‌کش عمومی  گلایفوسیت  با استفاده از ماشین پاششی ویژه بود. این نشان داد که تحت شرایطی که کاربرد علف‌کش های انتخابی به دلیل گرانی و کمبود در بازار غیر اقتصادی است، کشاورزان نخود کار می‌توانند با استفاده از این دستگاه، علف‌کش‌های عمومی نسبتاً ارزان را برای کنترل علف‌های‌هرز به‌کار برده و درآمد قابل قبولی را بدست بیاورند. 91 100 غلامرضا قهرمانیان Gholamreza Ghahramanian Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh I. R. Iran Iran ghahraman99@yahoo.com حمیدرضا پور‌‌علی‌بابا Hamid Reza Pouralibaba Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh I. R. Iran Iran pouralihamid@gmail.com محسن مهدیه Mohsen Mahdieh Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh I. R. Iran Iran mahdieh_m40@yahoo.com نخود علف‌کش عمومی سمپاش اختصاصی علف هرز Ahmadi, K., Hoseinpour, R., Ebadzadeh, H. R., Gholizadeh, H., Hatami, F., MohammadniaAdrouzi, S., Abdshah, H., & Abbastaghani, R. (2015). Study on the growing area and production of crops in Iran during 1978-2014. Agricultural Ministry of Iran, 285 pp (In Persian). Retrieved from: http://opac.nlai.ir.##Abbasian, A., Rashed Mohassel, M. H., Nazemi, A., & Izadi, A. E. (2016). Community structure and species diversity of chickpea weeds in application of imazethapyr and trifluralin. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi), 110, 39-45 (In Persian). doi.org/10.22092/aj.2016.109255.##Al-Thahabi, S. A., Yasin, I. Z., Abu-Irmaileh, B. E., Haddad, N. I., & Saxena, M. C. (1994). Effect of weed removal on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) and lentil (Lens culinaris Med) in a Mediterranean environment. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 172, 333–341. doi.org/ /10.1111/j.1439-037X.1994.tb00184.x.##Avola, G., Tuttobene, R., Gresta, F., & Abbate, V. (2008). Weed control strategies for grain legumes. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 28 (3), 389-395. doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008019.##Baylon, R. S., Malik, R. K., Vedwan, R. P. S., & Bhan, V. M. (1987). Chemical weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Tropical Pest Management, 33(1), 16-18. doi.org/10.1080/09670878709371106.##Blackshaw, R. E., O’Donovan, J. T., Harker, K. N., & Li, X. (2002). Beyond herbicides: New approaches to managing weeds. International Conference on Environmentally  Sustainable Agriculture for Dry Areas. ICESA 2000, pp. 305-312.##Boydston, R. A., Nelson, H., & Chaves-Cordoba, B. (2017). Tolerance of chickpeas to postemergence broadleaf herbicides. Weed Technology, 23(2), 190-194. DOI: doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.99.##Campbell, J. 2016. Controlling weeds in Pacific Northwest pulse crops. Crops Soils, 49(2), 24–26. doi:10.2134/cs2016-49-2-8##Chavada, J. N., Patel, C. K., Patel, S. B., Panchal, P. P., & Patel, G. N. (2017). Weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under north Gujarat conditions. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 6(3), 2018-2025.##Fathi, E., Tahmasbi, I., & Teimoori, N. (2016). The effects of sowing dates on weed populations and identification of dominant species in chickpea field. Agroecology Journal ,12(1), 59-67 (In Persian).##Feiziasl, V., Fotovat, A., Astaraei, A., Lakzian, A., Mousavi Shalmani, M. A., & Khorasani, A. (2016). Calibration of soil available nitrogen and water content with grain yield of dry land wheat. Journal of Water and Soil,30(5), 1556-1573 (In Persian).##Frenda, A. S., Ruisi, P., Saia, S., Frangipane, B., Di Miceli, G., Amoto, G., & Giambalvo, D. (2013). The critical period of weed control in faba bean and chickpea in Mediterranean areas. Weed Science, 61, 452-459. doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-12-00137.1.## Jha, , P., & Kumar, V. (2017). Pulse crop tolerance and weed control with fall-applied soil-residual herbicides. Agronomical Journal, 109 (6), 2828-2838. doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.06.0320.##Kantar, F., & Elkoca, E. (1999). Chemical and agronomical control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Aziziye-94). Turkey Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 23, 631-635.##Khan, I., Khan, M. I., Ullah, H., Haroom, M., & Gul, B. (2018). Assessment of integrated weed management approaches on Asphodelus tenuifolius in chickpea. Planta Daninha, 36, e018179088. doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582018360100101##Khan, I. A., Khan, A., Jan, A., & Ali Shah, S. M. (2018).  Studies on tolerance of chickpea to some pre and post-emergence herbicides.  Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 30(9), 725-731. doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582018360100150.##Knott C. M., Halila H. M. (1988). Weeds in food legumes: problems, effect and control. In Summerfield R. J. (Ed.): World Crops: Cool-season food legumes (pp. 535- 548). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.##Kropff, M. J. (1988). Modelling the effects of weeds on crop production. Weed Research, 28, 465-471.##Kumar, N., Hazra, K. K., Yadav, S. L. & Singh, S. S. (2015). Weed dynamics and productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under pre- and post-emergence application of herbicides. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 60(4), 570-575.##McKay, K., Miller, P., Jenks, B., Riesselman, J., Neill, K., Buschena, D., & Bussan, A. J. (2002). Growing chickpea in the northern great plains. North Dakota State University Extension Service. 2002; A-1236:1-8. Retrieved from: https://www.pulseusa.com/docs/chikpea.pdf##Mekonnen, G., Sharma, J. J., Tana, T., & Nigatu, L. (2015). Effect of integrated weed management practices on weeds infestation, yield components and yield of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], Eastern Wollo, Northern Ethiopia. American. Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 7(5), 326–346. doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2015/ 14513.##Merga, B., & Alemu, N. (2019). Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Cogent Food and Agriculture, 5, 1620152.  doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1620152.##Nath, C. P., Dubey, R. P., Sharma, A. R., Hazra, K. K., Kumar, N., & Singh, S. S. (2018). Evaluation of new generation post-emergence herbicides in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). National Academy Science Letters, 41, 1-5.  doi.org/10.1007/s40009-017-0604-z.##Nosrati, I., Dabagh Mohammadi-Nasab, A., Amini, R., & Shakiba, M. R. (2017). Evaluation of species diversity and population indices of weeds in chickpea fields under dry-land of Kermanshah province. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 11(1), 143-161. (In Persian).##Paolini R., Faustini, F., Saccardo, F., & Crino, P. (2006). Competitive interactions between chickpea genotypes and weeds. Weed Research, 46, 335–344. ##Patel, B. D., Patel, V. J., Patel, J. B., & Patel, R. B. (2006). Effect of fertilizers and weed management practices on weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under middle Gujarat conditions. Indian Journal of Crop Science, 1(1-2), 180-183.## Plew, J. N., Hill, G. D., & Dastgheib, F. (1994). Weed control in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). Proceedings Agronomy Society of New Zealand 24, 117-124.##Pouresmael, M., Kanouni, H., Hajihasani, M., Astraki, H., Mirakhorli, A., Nasrollahi, M., & Mozaffari, J. (2018).##Stability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) landraces in national plant gene bank of Iran for dryland. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 20,387-400.##Rahman, Q. W. U., Shahenshah, M. S., Khan, H., Rahman, Q. L. U., Ahmad, D., Wahid, F., & Muhammad, Z. (2012). Effect of different herbicides and row spacings on the growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 18 (2), 157-165.##Rathod, P. S., Patil, D. H., & Dodmani, B. M. (2017). Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rainfed conditions of Karnataka, India. Legume Research, 40(3), 580-585. doi.org/10.18805/lr.v0iOF.9611.##Rupareliya, V. V., Chovita, P. K., Vekariya, S. J., & Javiya, P. P. (2017). Evaluation of pre and post emergence herbicides in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(1), 1662-1665.##Shah, M. I., Jalis, A., Ramzan, M., & Iqbal, J. (1989). Chemical weed control in broadcast sown wheat under irrigated conditions. Journal of Agricultural Research 3, 195-199.##Solh, M. B., & Pala, M. (1990). Weed control in chickpea. In Saxena M. C., Cubero J. I., Wery J. (Eds.), Present status and future prospects of chickpea crop production and improvement in the Mediterranean countries (pp. 93-99). Zaragoza, Spain: CIHEAM-IAMZ.##Tanveer, A., Malik, M. A., Cheema, Z. A., Ali, A., & Tahir, M. (1998). Effect of different levels of weed management on weed growth and grain yield of gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Pakistan Journal of Science, 50, 60–62.##Taran, B., Holm, F., & Banniza, S. (2012). Response of chickpea cultivars to pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 93, 279-286. doi.org/10.4141/CJPS2012-167.##Tiwari, A. N., Tiwari, S. N., Rathi, J. P. S., Verma, R. N., & Tripathi, A. K. (2001). Crop–weed competition studies in chickpea having Asphodelus tenuifolius dominated weed community under rain fed condition. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 33, 198–199.##Vasilakoglou, I., Valchostergios, D., Dhima, K., & Lithourgidis, A. (2013). Response of vetch, lentil, chickpea and red pea to pre- or post-emergence applied herbicides. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(4), 1101-1111. doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2013114-4083.##Yasin, J. Z., Al-Thahabi, S., Abu-Irmaleh, B. E., Saxena, M. C., & Haddad, N. I. (1995). Chemical weed control in chickpea and lentil. International Journal of Pest Management, 41(1), 60-65.##Yousefi, A. R., & Alizadeh, H. M. (2006). Investigation of single and integrated application of different herbicides on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield and its components in winter sowing, presented at 15th Australian Weeds Conference, Adelaide, South Australia. 24–28 Sept. Weed Management Society of South Australia.##

1 تأثیر تنش رطوبتی بر پارامترهای رشد و کیفیت علوفه کنگرفرنگی (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) Effects of water stress on growth parameters and forage quality of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5596.html 10.22099/iar.2020.34908.1364 1 Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L. is a herbaceous perennial plant that could be drought tolerant once established after the first year. To evaluate the effects of water stress on growth parametersand forage quality of this plant, a field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications in Isfahan, Iran during 2013-2015. Treatments were irrigation at 20 % (non-stress), 50 % (moderate stress) and 80 % (severe stress) depletion of the soil available water. Plant fresh weight (FW), plant dry weight (DW) and some forage quality characteristics such as crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter digestibility (DMD), total tannins (TT) and ash content were determined at the heading stage. Results indicated that growth and forage quality were significantly affected by water stress. The highest rates of FW, DW, NDF, ADF, CF and ash contents were recorded at non-stress conditions which were decreased over increasing stress severity by 40.67, 51.71, 6.54, 18.23, 8.83 and 21.81 %, respectively, while the highest rates of CP, DMD, WSC, and TT contents were observed at the severe water stress conditions. Generally, although water stress decreased forage yield, it had a positive role in qualitative characteristics of Cynara forage due to the increase in CP, DMD and WSC along with the decrease in NDF, ADF and ash content. 0 ک کنگرفرنگی گیاهی علفی و چند ساله است که می‏تواند بعد از استقرار در سال اول رویش، به خشکی متحمل باشد. برای ارزیابی تأثیر تنش کمبود آب بر رشد و کیفیت علوفه این گیاه، آزمایشی با استفاده از طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در اصفهان طی سال­های 93-1391 انجام شد. تیمارهای آبیاری شامل 20، 50 و 80 درصد تخلیه رطوبت قابل استفاده در خاک (به ترتیب بدون تنش، تنش متوسط و شدید) بودند. وزن‏تر و خشک گیاه و برخی از خصوصیات کیفی علوفه شامل پروتئین و چربی خام، کربوهیدرات­های محلول در آب، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، تانن و میزان خاکستر تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که پارامترهای رشدی و کیفیت علوفه تحت تأثیر تنش کمبود آب قرار گرفت. حداکثر وزن تر و خشک گیاه، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی، چربی خام و خاکستر در تیمار بدون تنش ثبت شدند که با افزایش شدت تنش به‏ترتیب 67/40، 71/51، 54/6، 23/18، 83/8 و 81/21 درصد کاهش یافتند، در حالی‏که بیشترین میزان پروتئین خام، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، کربوهیدرات­های محلول در آب و محتوای تانن در تنش شدید مشاهده شدند. به طور کلی، اگرچه تنش رطوبتی باعث کاهش عملکرد علوفه شد لیکن از طریق افزایش میزان پروتئین خام، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و کربوهیدرات­های محلول در آب و کاهش میزان الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی و خاکستر نقش مثبتی بر خصوصیات کیفی علوفه کنگرفرنگی داشت. 101 110 مرضیه اله دادی Marziyeh allahdadi Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I. R. Iran. Iran allahdadi_@yahoo.com بابک بحرینی نژاد Babak Bahreininejad 2Research Division of Natural Resources, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, I. R. Iran Iran b_bahreininejad@yahoo.com کنگر فرنگی پروتئین خام قابلیت هضم ماده خشک رژیم‌های آبیاری تانن کل AbdElgawad, H., Peshev, D., Zinta, G., Van den Ende, W., Janssens, I. A., & Asard, H. (2014). Climate extreme effects on the chemical composition of temperate grassland species under ambient and elevated CO2, a comparison of fructan and non-fructan accumulators. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e92044.##Abid, M., Mansour, E., Ben Yahia, L., Bachar, K. H., Ben Khaled, A., & Ferchichi, A. (2016). Alfalfa nutritive quality as influenced by drought in South-Eastern Oasis of Tunisia. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 15(2), 334-342.##Aksu, O., & Altinterim, B. (2013). Hepatoprotective effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Bilim veGenclik Dergisi, 1(2), 44-49.##Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (2000). Crop Evapotranspiration (Guidelines Computing Crop Water Requirements). FAO irrigation and drainage paper No. 56##Amaducci, S., Amaducci, M. T., Benati, R., & Venturi, G. (2000). Crop yield and quality parameters of four annual fibre crops (hemp, kenaf, maize and sorghum) in the North of Italy. Industrial Crops and Products, 11, 179-186.##Anjum, S. A., Saleem, M. F., Cheema, M. A., Bilal, M. F., & Khaliq, T. (2012). An assessment to vulnerability, extent,##characteristics and severity of drought hazard in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Science, 64(2), 138-143.##Anuraga, M., Duarsa, P., Hill, M. J., & Lovett, J. V. (1993). Soil moisture and temperature affect condensed tannin concentrations and growth in Lotus corniculatus and Lotus pedunculatus. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 44, 1667-1681.##Bahreininejad, B., Nasr Esfahani, M., Lebaschyi, M. H., & Parsadoust, F. (2015). Evaluation of drought stress in Cynara scolymus. Research report, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran.##Bibi, A., Sadaqat, H. A., Tahir, M. H. N., Fatima Usman, B., & Ali, M. (2012). Genetic analysis of forage quality traits in sorghum-sudangrass hybrids under water stress. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22(4), 1092-1100.##Boari, F., Cantore, V., Depalma, E., & Rubino, P. (2000). Evapotranspiration trend in seed propagated artichoke, (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) Fiori, in South Italy. Acta Horticulturae, 537, 511–518.##Boari, F., Pace, B., Todorovic, M., De Palma, E., & Cantore, V. (2012). Effect of water regime and salinity on artichoke yield. Italian Jornal of Agronomy, 7, 58-63.##Bonomi, A. (2001). Dehydrated artichoke leaves in feed for small species. Informatore-Agrario, 57, 41-43.##Buxton, D. R. (1996). Quality-related characteristics of forages as influenced by plant environment and agronomic factors. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 59, 37-49.##Carmi, A., Aharoni, Y., Edelstein, M., Umiel, N., Hagiladi, A., Yosef, E., Nikbachat, M., Zenou, A., & Miron, J. (2006). Effects of irrigation and plant density on yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of a new forage sorghum variety, Tal, at two maturity stages. Animal Feed Science and Technology,131, 120-132.##Carter, E., Theodorou, M. K., & Morris, P. (1999). Responses of Lotus corniculatus to environmental change. 2. Effect of elevated CO2, temperature and drought on tissue digestion in relation to condensed tannin and carbohydrate accumulation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,79, 1431-440.##DaCosta, M., & Huang, B. (2006). Osmotic adjustment associated with variation in bentgrass tolerance to drought stress. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,131, 338-344.## Erice, , G., Irigoyen, J. J., Pérez, P., Martínez-Carrasco, R., & Sánchez-Díaz, M. (2006). Effect of elevated CO2, temperature and drought on photosynthesis of nodulated alfalfa during a cutting regrowth cycle. Physiologia Plantarum, 126, 458-68.##Erice, G., Louahlia, S., Irigoyen, J. J., Sanchez-D_ı¨az, M., & Avice, J. J. (2010). Biomass partitioning, morphology and water status of four alfalfa genotypes submitted to progressive drought and subsequent recovery. Journal of Plant Physiology, 167, 114-120.##Esteki, M., Naderidarbaghshahi, M. R., & Bahreininejad, B. (2015). Survey the effects of drought stress on growth characteristics and yield of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) in different vegetative and reproductive harvests. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 4(12), 816-824.##FAO (Food Agriculture Organization). (2018). The total world production of artichoke. Retrieved from: http://faostat.fao.org.##Farfan-Vignolo, E. R., & Asard, H. (2012). Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on the oxidative stress response to drought in Lolium perenne L. and Medicago sativa L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 59, 55-62.##Fariaszewska, A., Aper, J., Van Huylenbroeck, J., Baert, J., De Riek, J., Staniak, M., & Pecio, Ł. (2016). Mild drought stress-induced changes in yield, physiological processes and chemical composition in Festuca, Lolium and Festulolium. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 14, 1-14.##Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D., & Basra, S.M.A. (2009). Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29 (1), 185-212.##Fernández, J., Curt, M. D., & Aguado, P. L. (2006). Industrial applications of Cynara cardunculus L. for energy and other uses. Indian Crop Production, 24, 222-229.##Frutos, P., Hervás, G., Ramos, G., Giráldez, F. J., & Mantecón, A. R. (2002). Condensed tannin content of several shrub species from a mountain area in northern Spain, and its relationship to various indicators of nutritive value. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 95(3/4), 215-226.##Fulkerson, W. J., Neal, J. S., Clark, C. F., Horadagoda, A., Nandra, K. S., & Barchia, I. (2007). Nutritive value of forage species grown in the warm temperate climate of Australia for dairy cows, grasses and legumes. Livestock Science, 107, 253-264.##Gebhardt, R. (1998). Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286 (3), 1122-1128.##Gominho, J., Lourenco, A., Curt, M., Fernandez, J., & Pereira, H. (2009). Characterization of hairs and pappi from Cynara cardunculus capitula and their suitability for paper production. Indian Crop Production, 29, 116-125.##Gominho, J., Lourenco, A., Palma, P., Lourenco, M. E., Curt, M. D., Fernandez, J., & Pereina, H. (2011). Large scale cultivation of Cynara cardunculus L. for biomass production - A case study. Indian Crop Production, 33, 1-6.##Grand, K. J., Kreyling, L. F. H., Dienstbach, C., & Beierkuhnlein Jentsch, A. (2014). Water stress due to increased intra-annual precipitation variability reduced forage yield but raised forage quality of a temperate grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 186, 11-22.##Hagerman, A. E., & Butler, L. G. (1981). The specificity of proantho cyaniding-protein interactions. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 256 (9), 4494-4497.##Haji Hassani Asl, N., MoradiAghdam, A., AliabadiFarahani, H., Hosseini, N., & Rassaei Far, M. (2011). Three forage yield and its components under water deficit condition on delay cropping in Khoy zone (Iran). Advance in Environmental Biology, 5(5), 847-852.##Homayouni, H., & Khazarian, V. (2014). Effect of deficit irrigation on soluble sugars, starch and proline in three corn hybrid. Indian Journal of Scientific Research,7(1), 910-917.##Hura, T., Hura, K., Grzesiak, M., & Rzepka, A. (2007). Effect of long-term drought stress on leaf gas exchange and fluorescence parameters in C3 and C4 plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 29, 103-113.##Ierna, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2010). Cynara cardunculus L., genotypes as a crop for energy purposes in a Mediterranean environment. Biomass & Bioenergy, 34, 754-760.##Jafarian, S., Chaichi, M.R., & Moghaddam, H. (2015). Surfactant and limited irrigation effects on forage and seed production and water use efficiency in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(9), 56-65.##Jahanzad, E., Jorat, M., Moghadam, H., Sadeghpour, A., Chaichi, M. R., & Dashtaki, M. (2013). Response of a new and a commonly grown forage sorghum cultivar to limited irrigation and planting density. Agricultural Water Management, 117, 62- 69.##Jensen, K. B., Asay, K. H., Waldron, B. L., Johnson, D. A., & Monaco, T. A. (2003). Forage quality traits of orchard grass and perennial ryegrass at five irrigation levels. Agronomy Journal, 95, 668-675.##Jensen, K .B., Waldron, B. L., Peel, M. D., Robins, J. G., & Monaco, T. A. (2007). Forage quality of irrigated pasture species as affected by irrigation rate. Proceedings of the XXVIIth Eucarpia symposium on improvement of fodder crops and amenity grasses, Copenhagen, 19–23 August, Denmark.##Khalil, Z. M., Salem, A. K., & Sultan, F. M. (2015). Water stress tolerance of fodder cowpea as influenced by various added levels of potassium sulphate. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 6 (2), 213-231.##Kołodziej, B. (2012). Effects of irrigation and various plantation modalities on production and concentrations of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids of globe artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.). European Journal of Horticultural Science, 77 (1), 16-23.##Li, C. X., Zhou, X. G., Sun, J. S., Wang, H. Z., & Gao, Y. (2013). Dynamics of root water uptake and water use efficiency under alternate partial root zone irrigation. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52, 2805–2810.##Liu, L., Gan, Y., Bueckert, R., & Van Rees, K. (2011). Rooting systems of oilseed and pulse crops I, temporal growth patterns across the plant developmental periods. Field Crops Research, 122, 256-263.##Makkar, H. P. S. (2003). Quantification of tannins in tree and shrubs foliages – a laboratory manual. The Netherland: Kluwer Academic Press Dordrecht.##Mansour, M. R., & Mougou, A. (2005). Effect of several modes of irrigation and fertigation on artichoke crop. Acta Horticulturae,681, 127-133.##Meisser, M., Vitra, A., Mosimann, E., Deléglise, C., & Buttler, A. (2017). Linking functional plant traits and forage quality under drought conditions. Grassland resources for extensive farming systems in marginal lands, major drivers and future scenarios. Proceedings of the 19th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation, Alghero, 7-10 May, Italy.##Mohammadkhani, N., & Heidari, R. (2008). Drought-induced accumulation of soluble sugars and proline in two maize varieties. World Applied Sciences Journal,3 (3), 448-453.##Moore, J. P., Vicre-Gibouin, M., Farrant, J. M., & Driouich, A. (2008). Adaptations of higher plant cell walls to water loss, drought vs desiccation. Physiologia Plantarum, 134, 237-245.##Nakayama, N., Saneoka, H., Moghaieb, R. E. A., Premachandra, G. S., Fujita, K. (2007). Response of growth, photosynthetic gas exchange, translocation of 13C-labelled photosynthate and N accumulation in two soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars to drought stress. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9, 669-674.##Nazarli, H., & Faraji, F. (2011). Response of proline, soluble sugars and antioxidant enzymes in wheat to different irrigation regimes in greenhouse condition. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 4(148), 27-33.##Nohong, B., & Nompo, S. (2015). Effect of water stress on growth, yield, proline and soluble sugars contents of Signal grass and Napier grass species. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 9(5), 14-21.##Onwugbuta-Enyi, J. (2004). Water balance and proximate composition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) seedlings exposed to drought and flooding stress. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 8, 55-57. ##Osuagwu, G. G. E., & Edeoga, H. O. (2013). The effect of water stress (drought) on the proximate composition of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum (L) and Gongronema latifolium (Benth). International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(2), 293-299.##Pandino, G., Lombardo, S., Mauromicale, G., & Williamson, G. (2011). Profile of polyphenols and phenolic acids in bracts and receptacles of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) germplasm. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24, 148-153.##Perrier, L., Rouan, L., Jaffuel, S., Clément-Vidal, A., Roques, S., Soutiras. A., Baptiste, C., Bastianelli, D., Fabre, D., Dubois, C., Pot, D., & Luquet, D. (2017). Plasticity of sorghum stem biomass accumulation in response to water deficit, a multiscale analysis from internode tissue to plant level. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1-14.##Peterson, P. R., Sheaffer, C.C., & Hall, M.H. (1992). Drought effects on perennial forage legume yield and quality. Agronomy Journal, 84, 774-779.##Rondanelli, M., Giacosa, A., Orsini, F., Opizzi, A., & Villani, S. (2011). Appetite control and glycaemia reduction in overweight subjects treated with a combination of two highly standardized extracts from Phaseolusvulgaris and Cynara scolymus. Phytotherapy Research, 25, 1275-1282.##Rostamza, M., Chaichi, M. R., Jahansouz, M. R., & Alimadadi, A. (2011). Forage quality, water use and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) grown under different soil moisture and nitrogen levels. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 1607- 1614.##Saberi, A. R., Kiani, A. R., Mosavat, S. A., & Halim, R. A. (2012). The effect of different sowing patterns and deficit irrigation management on yield and agronomic characteristics of sweet corn. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(74), 13882-13887.##Saeidnia, F., Majidi, M. M., Mirlohi, A., & Ahmadi, B. (2018). Physiological responses of drought tolerance in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) in association with persistence and summer dormancy. Crop & Pasture Science, 69(5), 515-526.##Sallam, S. M. A., Bueno, I. C. S., Godoy, P. B., Nozella, E. F., Vitti, D. M. S. S., Abdalla, A. L. (2008). Nutritive value assessment of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) by-product as an alternative feed resource for ruminants. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 8, 181-189.##Salman, F. M., & Ahmed, S. M. (2014). Utilization of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) by-products in sheep feeding. American Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 14 (7),624-630.##Seguin, P., Mustafa, A. F., & Sheaffer, C. C. (2002). Effects of soil moisture deficit on forage quality, digestibility, and protein fractionation of Kura clover. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,188, 260-266.##Shinohara, T. (2008). Development of management practices for artichoke production in southwest Texas. M.Sc. Thesis. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Texas A and M University.##Shinohara, T., Agehara, S., Yoo, K. S., & Leskovar, D. I. (2011). Irrigation and nitrogen management of artichoke, yield, head quality, and phenolic content. Horticultural Science, 46, 377-386.##Shoaei, S., & Rafiei, F. (2014). Investigation of Superabsorbent Polymer and Water Stress on Physiological Indexes of Maize. Journal of Advances in Biology, 4(3), 455-460.##  Steudle, E. (2000). Water uptake by roots, effects of water deficit. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51, 1531-1542.##Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology, (Fifth Ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers.##Wahid, A., Gelani, S., Ashraf, M., & Foolad, M. R. (2007). Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 61, 199-223.##Weinberg, Z. G., Bar-Tal, A., Chen, Y., Gamburg, M., Brener, S., Dvash, L., Markovitz, T., & Landau, S. (2007). The effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the ensiling of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 134, 152-161.##Yaghmaei, L., Soltani, S., & Khodagholi, M. (2009). Bioclimatic classification of Isfahan province using multivariate statistical methods. International Journal of Climatology, 29, 1850-1861.##

1 تأثیر عصاره جلبک دریایی (Ulva flexuosa Wulfen) در بهبود کیفیت پس از برداشت پرتقال واشنگتن ناول Role of seaweed (Ulva flexuosa Wulfen) extract in improvement of postharvest quality of Washington navel orange fruits https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5650.html 10.22099/iar.2020.35017.1366 1 Seaweeds are rich sources of bioactive natural products, which have been considered as potential biotic agents. Ulva flexuosa Wulfen is a species of seaweed which is endemic to the Persian Gulf. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of U. flexuosa extract on  the  antioxidant activity of Washington Navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. cv. Washington Navel) fruits (measured as free radical scavenging activity; FRSA) and postharvest quality of the fruits were evaluated under cold storage (5±1°C) conditions and 85-90% relative humidity up to 60 days. Results indicated that prolonging the storage time increased fruit weight loss, fruit decay and total soluble solids (TSS) contents of the fruits, while prolonging the storage time reduced the percentage of juice and ascorbic acid contents of the fruits. Postharvest quality and antioxidant activity of Washington Navel orange fruit improved significantly when they were immersed in seaweed extracts. The most effective treatment was 3.76 g L-1 concentration of Ulva flexuosa extract, which maximized the improvement of antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid content and TSS during days of storage (DS). The results of this study indicated that the seaweed extract could be used as a new bioactive agent for maintaining the postharvest quality of orange fruit through enhancing the antioxidant activity. 0 جلبک‌های دریایی حاوی یک منبع متنوع از ترکیبات غنی هستند که به عنوان ترکیبات بالقوه فعال زیستی مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. این آزمایش برای بررسی اثر غلظت‌های مختلف عصاره جلبک دریایی Ulva  flexuosa Wulfen (بومی خلیج فارس) بر فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی میوه پرتقال واشنگتن ناول و ویژگی‌های کیفی پس از برداشت میوه درشرایط نگهداری در انبارسرد (5±1) و رطوبت نسبی 90-85 درصد به مدت 60 روز انجام شد. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که با افزایش زمان انبارمانی، میزان کاهش وزن میوه، فساد میوه و کل مواد جامد محلول (TSS) افزایش در حالی که درصد آب میوه و آسکوربیک اسید میوه پرتقال کاهش یافت. با قراردادن میوه‌های پرتقال واشنگتن ناول در محلول عصاره جلبک، ویژگی‌های کیفی پس از پرداشت و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی بطور معنی‌دار افزایش یافت. غلظت 76/3 گرم در لیتر عصاره جلبک موثرترین غلظت در بهبود ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی، میزان آسکوربیک اسید و TSS در طول انبارمانی بود. در مجموع نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که عصاره جلبک دریایی می‌تواند به عنوان یک ترکیب فعال زیستی جدید برای بهبود ویژگی‌های پس از برداشت میوه پرتقال از طریق افزایش فعالیت آنتی اکسیدان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 111 118 محبوبه رضایی Mahboobeh Rezaei Former MSc Student, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran, I. R. Iran Iran mahboobehrezaei69@gmail.com فرزین عبدالهی Farzin Abdollahi َAssistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran, I. R. Iran Iran fabdollahi@hormozgan.ac.ir عبدالمجید میرزاعلیان دستجردی abdolmajid Dastjerdi Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran, I. R. Iran Iran majiddastjerdy@gmail.com مرتضی یوسف زادی Morteza Yousefzadi Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran, I. R. Iran Iran morteza110110@gmail.com آسکوربیک اسید ظرفیت حذف رادیکال‌های آزاد (FRSA) انبارمانی میوه کل مواد جامد محلول (TSS) Blunden, G., Jones, E. M., Passam, & H. C. (1978). Effects of postharvest treatment of fruit and vegetables with cytokinin-active seaweed extract and kinetin solutions. Botanica Marina, 21, 237-240.##Cantwell, M. I., & Suslow, T. V. (2002). Postharvest handling systems: fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. In: Kader, A. A. (Ed.). Postharvest technology of horticultural crops (pp. 315-326). Oakland: University of California Publications.##Corsetto, P. A., Montorfano, G., Zava, S., Colombo, I., Ingadottir, B., Jonsdottir, R., Sveinsdottir, K., & Rizzo, A. M. (2020). Characterization of antioxidant potential of seaweed extracts for enrichment of convenience food. Antioxidants, 9, 249. doi: 10.3390/antiox9030249##Dambolena, J. S., Zunino, M. P., Lucini, E. I., Olmedo, R., Banchio, E., Bima, P. J., &  Zygadlo, J. A. (2010). Total##phenolic content, radical scavenging properties, and essential oil composition of Origanum species from different populations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,58, 1115-1120.##Fan, X., Niemira, B., & Prakash, A. (2008). Irradiation of fresh fruits and vegetables. Food Technology, 62(3), 36-43.##Fisk, C. L., Silver, A. M., Strik, B. C., & Zhao, Y. (2008). Postharvest quality of hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta ‘Ananasnaya’) associated with packaging and storage conditions. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 47, 338-345.##Ito, K., & Hori, K. (1989). Seaweed: Chemical composition and potential food uses. Food Review International, 5, 101-144.##Johnson, J., Braddock, R., & Chen, C. (1995). Kinetics of ascorbic acid loss and nonenzymatic browning in orange juice serum: Experimental rate constants. Journal of Food Science, 60(3), 502-505.##Galani, J. H. Y., Patel, J. S., Patel N. J., & Talati, J. G. (2017). Storage of fruits and vegetables in refrigerator increases their phenolic acids but decreases the total phenolics, anthocyanins and vitamin C with subsequent loss of their antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants, 6, 59. doi: 10.3390/antiox6030059##Kader, A. A. (2002). Standardization and inspection of fresh fruits and vegetables. In: Kader, A. A. (Ed.). Postharvest technology of horticultural crops (pp. 287-300). Oakland: University of California Publications.##Kamel, H. M. (2014). Impact of garlic oil, seaweed extract and imazalil on keeping quality of Valencia orange fruits during cold storage. Journal of Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants, 6, 116-125.##Kasim, W. A. Hamada, E. A. M., Nahal, G., Shams, El-Din., N. G., & Eskander, S. K. (2015). Influence of seaweed extracts on the growth, some metabolic activities and yield of wheat grown under drought stress. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 7(2), 173-189.##Lanciotti, R., Gianotti, A., Patrignani, F., Belleti, N., Guerzoni, M. E., & Gardini, F. (2004). Use of natural aroma compounds to improve shelf-life and safety of minimally processed fruits. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 15, 201-208.##Martin-Belloso, O., & Soliva-Fortuny, R. (2006). Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the quality of fresh-cut fruits. Stewart Postharvest Review, 2, 1-8.##Martin-Diana, A. B., Rico, D., Frias, J. M., Barat, J. M., Henehan, G. T. M., & Barry-Ryan., C. (2007). Calcium for extending the shelf-life of fresh whole and minimally processed fruits and vegetables: A review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 18, 210-218.##Nabti, E., Jha, B., & Hartman, A. (2017). Impact of seaweeds on agricultural crop production as biofertilizer. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14, 1119-1134.##Norrie, J., & Keathley, J. P. (2006). Benefits of Ascophyllum nodosum marine plant extract application to Thompson seedless grape production. Acta Horticulturae, 727, 243-248.##Nunes, M. C. N. (2008). Impact of environmental conditions on fruit and vegetable quality. Stewart Postharvest Review, 4(4), 1-14.##Omar, A. E. K. (2014). Use of seaweed extract as a promising post-harvest treatment on Washington Navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 30, 198-210.##Rab, A., Najia, M., Sajid, F., Bibi, I. Jan, G., & Nawab, K. (2015). Quality changes in heat treated sweet orange fruit during storage at low temperature. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 25(3), 661-668.##Rizvi, M. A., & Shameel, M. (2001). Distribution of elements in marine algae of Karachi coast. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 33(4), 357-363.## Salehi, P., Sonboli, A., Eftekhar, F., Nejad-Ebrahimi, S., & Yousefzadi, M. (2005). Essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the oil and various extracts of Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. rigida (BOISS.) RECH. f. from Iran. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28(10),1892-1896.##Shah, S., Jahangir, M., Qaisar, M., Khan, S., Mahmood, T., Saeed, M., & Liaquat, M. (2015). Storage stability of kinnow fruit (Citrus reticulata) as affected by CMC and guar gum-based silver nanoparticle coatings. Molecules, 20(12), 22645-22661.##Suntornsuk, L., Gritsanapun, W., Nilkamhank, S., & Paochom, A. (2002). Quantitation of vitamin C content in herbal juice using direct titration. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 28(5), 849-855.##Spínola, V., Mendes, B., Câmara, J. C., & Castilho, P. C. (2013). Effect of time and temperature on vitamin C stability in horticultural extracts. UHPLC-PDA vs iodometric titration as analytical methods. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 50(2), 489-495.##Tavarini, S., Degl Innocenti, E., Remorini, D., Massai, R., & Guidi, L. (2008). Antioxidant  capacity, ascorbic  acid, total phenols and carotenoids changes during harvest  and after storage of Hayward kiwifruit. Food Chemistry, 107(1), 282-288.##Thitileadecha, N., Teerawutgulrag, A., & Rakariyatham, N., (2008). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Nephelium lappaceum L. extracts. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(10), 2029-2035.##Toivonen, P. M. A. (2008). Application of 1-methylcyclopropene in fresh-cut/ minimal processing systems. Horticultural Science, 43(1), 102-105.##Udagawa, S. (2005). Fungal spoilage of foods and its risk assessment. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 46(1), 5-11. (In Japanese with an abstract in English).##Washington, W. S. Engleitner, S., Boontjes, G., & Shanmuganathan, N. (1999.) Effects of fungicides, seaweed extract, tea tree oil and fungal agents on fruit rot and yield in strawberry. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 39, 487–494.##Wiley, R. C. (1994). Minimally processed refrigerated fruits and vegetables. (1st ed). New York: Chapman and Hall Publisher.##Xu, G., Liu, D., Chen, J., Yea, X., Ma, Y., & Shi, J. (2008). Juice components and antioxidant capacity of citrus varieties cultivated in China. Food Chemistry, 106(2), 545-551.##Yonemoto, Y., Higuchi, H., & Kitano, Y., (2002). Effects of storage temperature and wax coating on ethylene production, respiration and shelf-life in cherimoya fruit. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science,71(5), 643-650.##Zhang, X. Z., & Schmidt, R. E. (2000). Hormone-containing products’ impact on antioxidant status of tall fescue and creeping bentgrass subjected to drought. Crop Science, 40(5), 1344-1349.##