ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of exogenous silicon on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat cultivars under salt stress conditions
ABSTRACT- Seed germination and early seedling growth are critical stages for plants establishment and production, particularly under salinity conditions. Exogenous application of silicon (Si) can enhance germination as well as seedling growth. In this experiment, the effect of priming with Si (0, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mM sodium silicate) on seed germination and seedling growth under NaCl (0, 100 and 150 mM) conditions was studied in two wheat cultivars of Kavir (salt tolerant) and Shiraz (salt sensitive). The experiment was designed as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in the laboratoryof college of Agriculture, Shiraz University, in 2012. Results showed that seed priming by Si improved germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, shoot and root length and seedling dry weight in both stress and non-stress conditions. Moreover, Si increased K+ uptake and K+/Na+ ratio and decreased Na+ content of cultivars with the effect of 2.25 mM being more pronounced. On the contrary, salt stress reduced the above traits andK+ uptake and K+/Na+ ratio and increased mean germination timeand Na+ uptake in both cultivars with the negative effects of 150 mMNaCl being more severe. However, the tolerant cultivar (Kavir) accumulated less Na+ and more K+ and had greater K+/Na+ ratio compared to non-tolerant cultivar (Shiraz). Although the salinity adversely affected seed germination and seedling growth in both cultivars, Kavir (tolerant cultivar) was less affected. It was concluded that priming with Si may promote germination and subsequent seedling growth of wheat cultivars under salinity conditions by reducing Na+ in favor of K+ accumulation.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3712_4d5a570113b7450828d2e77b4090f713.pdf
2016-09-22
1
8
10.22099/iar.2016.3712
Keywords:
Wheat
Silicon
Salinity
Germination
Seedling growth
K.
Maghsoudi
1
Department of Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Y.
Emam
yaemam@shirazu.ac.ir
2
Department of Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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40
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41
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42
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43
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44
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45
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46
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47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of physical and chemical treatments on runoff, infiltration and soil loss
ABSTRACT- In recent years, intensive drought has caused a severe yield reduction in rain-fed trees. Increasing runoff of low amount rainfall can be used to provide partial water requirement of rain-fed trees. To achieve this objective, some strategies including gravel removal (G), rill construction across to slope (R) and applying of baking soda (S) and their effects on runoff, rainfall infiltration and soil loss were simulated by a laboratory rainfall simulator under 33 mm h-1 intensity in 60 minutes. The results showed that the combination of R+, G- and S+ significantly increase the soil loss, runoff, and runoff coefficient 14.43, 2.74 and 1.59 and decrease rainfall threshold and infiltration 2.1 and 1.57 times compared to the control, respectively. Separately, S+, R+ and G- were the most effective in the runoff enhancement (31.2, 29.3 and 22%) and in infiltration reduction (8.4, 7 and 5%), respectively. S+ had the most effect on soil loss due to dispersion of soil surface. Furthermore, the effect of R+ was more visible than G- in increasing the soil loss. Applying sodium bicarbonate (S) increased the sodium in runoff and sediment, but there were no salinity (EC= 0.51-0.60 dS m-1) and sodicity (SAR= 0.34-0.73) hazard in runoff. In saturated extract of sediment, the salinity (EC= 1.75-2.23 dS m-1) and sodium (SAR= 1.96-3.45) hazard were relatively high and low, respectively. Although, chemical treatments (S) did not show the sodicity hazard very much, the use of S must be considered carefully.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3745_3fb51200aab8c4a324d01b4b7f91b872.pdf
2016-09-22
9
18
10.22099/iar.2016.3745
Keywords:
Baking soda
Gravel removal
Rainfall simulator
Rill construction
Runoff coefficient
hossein
parvizi
hosseinparvizi@shirazu.ac.ir
1
Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.R.
Sepaskhah
2
Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Abrahams, A.D., & Parsons, A.J. (1991). Relation between infiltration and stone cover on a semiarid hillslope, southern Arizona. Journal of Hydrology, 122, 49-59.
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21
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23
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26
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28
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29
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31
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32
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33
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34
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35
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36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and water stress on some antioxidant enzymes activities and nutrients uptake of two citrus rootstocks
ABSTRACT-Water stress is the main cause for crop yield reduction in the majority of agricultural regions of the world because it affects almost all plant functions. The effects of Glomus mosseae on growth, nutrients uptake, and antioxidant enzymes of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and rough lemon) Citrus jambheri) rootstocks were assessed in sterilized soil under greenhouse conditions. A three-factor experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replicates of each treatment. Treatments consisted of water stress at four levels (irrigation intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days) and mycorrhizal treatments at two levels (inoculation with G. mosseae and non-mycorrhizal control). Mycorrhizal seedlings of two citrus rootstocks were successfully infected by G. mosseae. As water stress increased, root colonization, shoot dry weight, shoot N, P, Mn, Cu, and Fe uptake of two citrus rootstocks significantly decreased but shoot Zn uptake and the antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (G-POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] activities of two citrus rootstocks leaves increased. With inoculation of seedlings by G. mosseae compared with control, shoot dry weight, N and P uptake, and antioxidant enzymes activities increased. It may be concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation notably influenced shoot nutrients uptake and leaves antioxidant enzymes activities in citrus and an increase in these parameters alleviated water stress.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3750_2508005f48e3d2988d2cc14ebc119208.pdf
2016-09-22
19
26
10.22099/iar.2016.3750
Keywords:
Citrus
Nutrients uptake
antioxidant enzymes
water stress
Glomus mosseae
Mehdi
Zarei
mehdizarei20@yahoo.ca
1
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Z.
Paymaneh
2
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Ronaghi
3
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Abedi, T., & Pakniyat, H. (2010). Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 46(1), 27–34.
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4
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Lambais, M.R., RiosRuiz, W.E., & Andrade, R.M. (2003). Antioxidant responses in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist,160, 421-428.
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59
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Isolation of aroclor1254 degrading bacteria in contaminated soil by transformer oil
ABSTRACT- Aerobic biodegradation is an environmental-friendly biological method that allows micro organisms to remove persistent organic pollutants. Aroclor1254 is a mixed compound containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) along with persistent organic materials. There is no estimate of Aroclor1254 usage and its release into the environment in Iran. A transformer manufacturing plant in Shiraz (located in southwest of Iran) uses transformer oils containing Aroclor1254. Soil samples contaminated by transformer oil were taken from the manufacturing plant’s site and were tested for the presence of certain bacteria, level of degradation and pH. In all samples, 13 bacterial strains were isolated on C-media, and their growth was measured using a spectrophotometer. Of the isolated strains, eight could degrade Aroclor1254. Of these eight strains, three showed weak growth (OD between 0.1 to 0.195), three showed low growth (OD between 0.2 to 0.3) and two showed good growth (OD between 0.3 to 0.5). Some of the strains grew well during the first week, but their growth decreased and eventually stopped in the second week. For all the growth media on which the bacteria from the soil was separated and cultured, pH decreased as the bacterial growth increased. For some media, in which bacterial growth had stopped, pH increased after 14 or 21 days but it was always below 7.0. This indicated that environmental pH or increasing carbon dioxide levels were not suitable for the growth of these strains. However, this trend was not observed in bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Curtobacterium and Burkholderia. These bacteria could grow and degrade Aroclor1254 even at pH of 4.5. In fact, their degradation efficiency increased at a constant pH of about 5.5.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3762_f7d246d24509532e6b8baf68b48b0955.pdf
2016-09-22
27
34
10.22099/iar.2016.3762
Keywords:
Aroclor1254
Biodegradation
Burkholderia Curtobacterium
C-media
pH
Pseudomonas
A.
Fararooei
1
Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Amin
2
Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Masoud
Noshadi
noshadi@shirazu.ac.ir
3
Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
S. M.
Taghavi
4
Department Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Niazi
5
Department Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Adebusoye, S.A., Picardial, F.W., Ilori, M.O., Amund, O.O., & Fuqua, C. (2008). Characterization of multiple novel aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) utilizing bacterial strains indigenous to contaminated tropical frican soils. Biodegradation, 19, 145-159.
1
Adriaens, P., Kohler, H.P.E., KohlerStaub, D., & Focht, D.D. (1989). Bacterial Dehalogenation of Chlorobenzoates and Coculture Biodegradation of 4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl. Applied and Environmental. Microbiology, 55(4), 887-892.
2
Bopp, L.H., (1986). Degradation of highly chlorinated PCBs by Pseudomonas strain Lb400. Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 1, 23-29.
3
Furukawa, K. (1994). Molecular genetics and evolutionary relationship of PCB-degrading bacteria. Biodegradation, 5, 289-300.
4
Furukawa, K., Simon, J., & Chakrabatry, A.M. (1983). Common induction and regulation of biphenyl, xylene/toluene, and salicylate catabolism in Pseudomonas Paucimobilis. Journal of. Bacteriology, 154(3), 1356-1362.
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Furukawa, K., Tonomura, K., & Kamibayashi, A. (1979). Effect of chlorine substitution on the bacterial metabolism of various of polychlorinated biphenyls. Applied. and Environmental. Microbiology, 38(2), 301-310.
6
Imamoglu, M.G., Rayne, S., & Addison, R.F. (2002). Exponential increase of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environmental Science and Technology, 36,1886-92.
7
Kiyohara, H., Nagao, K., & Yano, K. (1982). Rapid screen for bacteria degrading water-insoluble, solid hydrocarbons on agar plates. Applied and. Environmental Microbiology, 42, 454-457.
8
KyungSu, N., YongWoon, L., JinSook, JaeSuk, L.L., Motoki, K., & SeonYong C. (1998). Isolation and Characterization of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Degrading Bacteria from a Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant. Environmental Engineering Research, 3(2), 67-78.
9
Leigh, M.B., Prouzova, P., Mackova, M., Macek, T., Nagle, D.P., & Fletcher, J.S. (2006). Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)-Degrading Bacteria Associated with Trees in a PCB-Contaminated. Applied and Environmental Micribiology,, 72(4), 2331-2342.
10
NwinyiObinna, C. (2011). Enrichment and Identification of Askarel Oil (PCB blend) Degrading Enriched from Landfill Sites in Edo State, Nigeria.
11
Nwinyi, O.C., Nwodo, C.S., & Amund, O.O. (2008). Biodegradation potential of two Rhodoccocus strain capable of utilizing aniline as Carbon Source in tropical ecosystem Research Journal of Microbiology, 3(2), 99-104.
12
Prescott, M., Harley, J.P., & Klein, D.A. (2001). Industry and Biotechnology in general Microbiology. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill.
13
Robinson, G.K., & Lenn, M.J. (1994). The bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Problems and perspectives. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Reviews, 12,139-188.
14
Rudel, R.A, Seryak, L.M., & Brody, J.G. (2008). PCB-containing Wood Floor Finish is a Likely Source of Elevated PCBs in Residents’ blood, Household air and Dust: A Case Study of Exposure. Environmental Health, 7(2),1-15.
15
Schaad, N.W, Jones, J.B., & Chun,W. (2001). Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 2nd ed. St. Paul, MN, USA. Amer PHytopathol Soc Press.
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Sierra, I., Valera, J.L., Marina, M.L., & Laborda, F. (2003). Study of the biodegradation process of polychlorinated biphenyls in liquid medium and soil by a new isolated aerobic bacterium (Janibactersp). Chemosphere, 53, 609-618.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Role of Ni-resistant rhizobacteria in the growth and Ni-uptake of maize in a calcareous soil
ABSTRACT- A pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of single and co-inoculation of maize plant with Bacillus mycoides and Micrococcus roseus, indigenous to HMs contaminated soils, on the plant growth and uptake of essential nutrients and Ni by maize in the soil polluted by 250 and 500 mg Ni kg-1. At each level of Ni contamination, shoot dry weight and nutrients uptake significantly increased in M. roseus and B. mycoides treatments compared to non-inoculated plants. The highest plant growth promoting effect was found for B. mycoides at the level of 250 mg Ni kg-1 and for M. roseus at the level of 500 mg Ni kg-1 which enhanced plant biomass by 33.2% and 90%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated plants. At the levels of 250 and 500 mg Ni kg-1, shoot Ni uptake of plants inoculated with B. mycoides or M. roseus significantly increased compared to non-inoculated plants. Root Ni uptake of plants inoculated with B. mycoides and M. roseus significantly decreased at the level of 250 mg Ni kg-1 and increased at the level of 500 mg Ni kg-1 compared to control plants. The lowest Ni transfer factor and maximum Ni translocation factor were in plants inoculated with B. mycoides at the level of 250 mg Ni kg-1 and in non-inoculated plants at the levels of 500 mg Ni kg-1. Inoculation of plants with B. mycoides and M. roseus may be the effective treatments in Ni phytoextraction at the levels of 250 and 500 mg Ni kg-1, respectively. Consortium of two bacteria had the lowest plant dry matter and shoots and roots Ni uptake and the maximum transfer factor compared to other treatments at the level of 500 mg Ni kg-1 that may be the effective treatment in Ni phytostabilization.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3767_cbd867c93583a56e86d1bc26caa0def8.pdf
2016-09-22
35
40
10.22099/iar.2016.3767
Keywords:
Maize
Nickle
Ni-resistant rhizobacteria
Nutrients uptake
elham
malekzadeh
malekzadeh.elham@gmail.com
1
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz. University, Tabriz, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
H. A.
Alikhani
2
Department of Soil Science Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tehran University, Tehran, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
G. R.
SavaghebiFiroozabadi
3
Department of Soil Science Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tehran University, Tehran, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Zarei
4
Department of Soil Science Engineering,. College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
AbouShanab, R.A., Ghanem, K., Ghanem,N., & AlKolaibe, A. (2008). The role of bacteria on heavy-metal extraction and uptake by plants growing on multi-metal contaminated soils. Word Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 24, 253-262.
1
AbouShanab, R.A., Ghozlan, H., Ghanem, K., & Moawad, H. (2005). Behaviour of bacterial populations isolated from rhizosphere of Diplachne fusca dominant in industrial sites. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 21, 1095–1101.
2
Alam, M.M., Hayat, S., Ali, B., & Ahmad, A. (2007). Effect of 28-homobrassinolide treatment on nickel toxicity in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica, 45, 139–142.
3
Angle, J.S., McGrath, S.P., & Chaudri, A.M. (1992). Effects of media components on toxicity of Cd to rhizobia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 64, 627-633.
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Belimov, A.A., Hontzeas, N., Safronova, V.I., Demchinskaya, S.V., Piluzza, G., Bullitta, S., & Glick, B. R. (2005). Cadmium-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 241–250.
5
Belimov, A.A., Kunakova, A.M., Safronova, V.I., Stepanok, V.V., Yudkin, L.Y., Alekseev, Y.V., & Kozhemyakov, A.P. (2004). Employment of rhizobacteria for the inoculation of barley plants cultivated in soil contaminated with lead and cadmium. Microbiology (Moscow), 73(1), 99-106.
6
Blaylock, M.J., Salt, D. E., Dushenkov, S., Zakharova, O., Gussman, C., Kapulnik, Y.B., Ensley, D., & Raskin, I. (1997). Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indianmustardby soil-applied chelating agents. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 860–865.
7
Burd, G.I., Dixon, D.G., & Glick, B.R. (1998). A plant growth-promoting bacterium that decreases nickel toxicity in seedlings. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 64 (3), 3663–3668.
8
Burd, G.I., Dixon, D.G., & Glick, B.R. (2000). Plant growth-promoting bacteria that decrease heavy metal toxicity in plants. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 46, 237–245.
9
Chen, B.D., Zhu, Y.G., & Smith, F.A. (2006). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on uranium and arsenic accumulation by Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) from a uranium mining-impacted soil. Chemosphere, 62, 1464-1473.
10
Cottenie, A. (1980). Soil and Plant Testing. FAO Soils Bulletin, 38, 94-100.
11
Denton, B. (2007). Advances in phytoremediation of heavy metals using plant growth promoting bacteria and Fungi. MMG 445 Basic Biotechnology e Journal 3, 1 -5.
12
Gamalero, E., Lingua, G., Berta, G., & Glick, B.R. (2009). Beneficial role of plant growth promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant responses to heavy metal stress. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 55, 501-514.
13
Gaur, A., & Adholeya, A. (2004). Prospects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Current Science, 86(4), 528-534.
14
Glick, B.R., Penrose, D.M., & Li, J. (1998). A model for the lowering of plant ethylene concentrations by plant growth promoting bacteria. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 190, 63–68.
15
Godtfredsen, K.L., & Stone, A.T. (1994). Solubilization of manganese dioxidebound by naturally occurring organic compounds. Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 1450-1458.
16
Gupta, A.K., & Sinha, S. (2006). Chemical fractionation and heavy metals accumulation in the plants of Sesamum indicum (L.) var. T55 grown on soil amended with tannery sludge: selection of single extractants. Chemosphere, 64, 161–173.
17
Jankong, P., & Visoottiviseth, P. (2008). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on plants growing on arsenic contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 72, 1092-1097.
18
Lindsay, W.L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42, 421–428.
19
Ma, Y., Rajkumar, M., & Freitas, H. (2009). Isolation and characterization of Ni mobilizing PGPB from serpentine soils and their potential in promoting plant growth and Ni accumulation by Brassica spp. Chemosphere, 75(6), 719-725.
20
Madhaiyan, M., Poonguzhali, S., & Sa, T.M. (2007). Metal tolerating methylotrophic bacteria reduces nickel and cadmium toxicity and promotes plant growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Chemosphere, 69, 220–228.
21
Madhaiyan, M., Poonguzhali, S., Ryu, J.H., and Sa, T. M. (2006). Regulation of ethylene levels in canola (Brassica campestris) by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase-containing Methylobacterium fujisawaense. Planta, 224, 268–278.
22
Malekzadeh, E. (2010). Study of the interaction between plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and absorption of heavy metals nickel and cadmium by Zea mays L. M.Sc. Thesis. University College of Agriculture and Natural Resource. Tehran University, Tehran. I. R. Iran.
23
Mishra, D., & Kar, M. (1974). Nickel in plant growth and metabolism. Botanical Review, 40, 395–452.
24
Motesharezadeh, B. (2008). Study of the possibility of increasing phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal-contaminated soil by biological factors. Ph.D. Thesis. University College of Agriculture and Natural Resource. Tehran University, Tehran. I. R. Iran.
25
Neilands, J.B. (1981). Microbial iron compounds. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 50, 715–731.
26
Page, A.L., Miller, H.R., & Keeney, R.D. (1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
27
Pal, M., Horvath, E., Janda, T., Paldi, E., & Szalai, G. (2006). Physiological changes and defense mechanisms induced by cadmium stress in maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 169, 239-246.
28
Rajkumar, M., & Freitas, H. (2008). Influence of metal resistant-plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth of Ricinus communis in soil contaminated with heavy metals. Chemosphere, 71, 834–842.
29
Safronova, V.I., Stepanok, V.V., Engqvist, G.L., Alekseyev, Y.V., and Belimov, A.A. (2006). Root associated bacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase improve growth and nutrient uptake by pea genotypes cultivated in cadmium supplemented soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 42, 267–272.
30
Sen, A.K., & Bhattacharyya, M. (2004). Studies of uptake and toxic effects of Ni (II) on salvinia natans.Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 78, 141–152.
31
Xie, H., Pasternak, J.J., & Glick, B.R. (1996). Isolation and characterization of mutants of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2 that overproduce indoleacetic acid. Current Microbiology, 32, 67–71.
32
VanDerLelie, D., Corbisier, P., Diels, L., Gilis, A., Lodewyckx, C., Mergeay, M., Taghavi, S., Spelmans, N., & Vangronsveld, J. (1999). The role of bacteria in the phytoremediation of heavy metals. In Terry, N., and Banuelos, G. (Eds.), Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water (pp. 265–281). London, United Kingdom: Lewis Publishers.
33
Zaidi, S., Usmani, S., Singh, B.R., & Musarrat, J. (2006). Significance of Bacillus subtilis strain SJ-101 as a bioinoculant for concurrent plant growth promotion and nickel accumulation in Brassica juncea. Chemosphere, 64, 991–997.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of standardized prececal protein digestibility of canola meal in British United Turkeys Big 6 at different ages using multiple linear regression procedure
ABSTRACT- Ninety six 2-week-old British United Turkeys (BUT) Big 6 were assigned to 2 groups (4 replicates of 12 birds each). One basal diet and another one in which 20% canola meal replaced the corn starch in the basal diet were prepared. At 9, 16 and 21 wk of age, four birds from each pen slaughtered for digesta collection. The last two-third segment of the intestine, between the Meckel’s diverticulum and about 2 cm anterior to the ileo-ceca-colonic junction, was excised. The diets and digesta were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, and chromic oxide content. The standardized prececal protein digestibility of canola meal was calculated using multiple linear regression procedure. The standardized prececal protein digestibility of canola meal at 21 wk of age was significantly lower as compared with that of 9 wk of age; the relative weight of digestive organs also decreased significantly with increasing age (P< 0.05). By using multiple linear regression which accounted for the endogenous nitrogen losses, we showed that standardized prececal protein digestibility was also influenced by the age.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3771_b8b0dbea0cbf0d6098370271a83df044.pdf
2016-09-22
41
46
10.22099/iar.2016.3771
Keywords:
standardized prececal protein digestibility
multiple linear regression
canola meal
British United Turkeys Big 6
Mohammad
Rezvani
rezvani@shirazu.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Akhlaghi
2
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
F.
Saemi
3
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
M.M.
Ommati
4
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Dadpasand
5
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
H.
Atashi
6
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Aguilera, J.F., Prieto, E., Molina, E., & Lachica, M. (1988). A micromethod for routine determination of chromic dioxide in nutrition studies. Analusis, 16, 454-457.
1
Adedokun, S.A., Parsons, C.M., Lilburn, M.S., Adeola, O., & Applegate, T.J. (2007a). Comparison of ileal endogenous amino acid flows in broiler chicks and turkey pullets. Poultry Science, 86, 1682-1689.
2
Adedokun, S.A., Parsons, C.M., Lilburn, M.S., Adeola, O., & Applegate, T.J. (2007b). Standardised ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meal from different sources in broiler chicks and turkey pullets with a nitrogen-free or casein diet. Poultry Science, 86, 2598-2607.
3
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th edition. Washington, DC.
4
Donkoh, A., & Moughan, P.J. (1999). Endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid flows in the growing pig receiving a protein-free diet and diets containing enzymatically hydrolyzed casein or graded levels of meat and bone meal. Animal Science, 68, 511-518.
5
Huang, K.H., Ravindran, V., Li, X., & Bryden, W.L. (2005). Influence of age on the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients for broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 46, 236-245.
6
Jansman, A.J.M., Smink, W., VanLeeuwen, P., & Rademacher, M. (2002). Evaluation through literature data of the amount and amino acid composition of basal endogenous crude protein at the terminal ileum of pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 98, 49-60.
7
Kadim, T.I., Moughan, P.J., & Ravindran, V. (2002). Ileal amino acid digestibility assay for the growing meat chicken: Comparison of ileal and excreta amino acid digestibility in the chicken. British Poultry Science, 44, 588-597.
8
Kluth, H., Mantel, M., Elwert, C., & Rodehutscord, M. (2005). Variation in prececal amino acid and energy digestibility between pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars determined using a linear regression approach. British Poultry Science,46, 325-332.
9
Lemme, A., Ravindran, V., & Bryden, W.L. (2004). Ileal digestibility of amino acid in feed ingredients for broilers. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 60, 423-437.
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16
Rezvani, M., Kluth, H., & Rodehutscord, M. (2008a). Comparison of amino acid digestibility determined prececally or based on total excretion of cecectomized laying hens. Poultry Science, 87, 2311-2319.
17
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18
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29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Energy use pattern of paddy production systems in khuzestan province, iran
ABSTRACT- Energy use patterns and the contribution of energy input vary among farming systems. The optimal use of improved farm machinery coupled with the optimal use of other recommended sources permit an increase in paddy yield up to potential levels. In order to determine the effect of production systems on energy use efficiency focusing on mechanization for paddy production in Khuzestan province, a survey was conducted in the fourth largest rice producing region of Iran. The data were collected by interviewing the farmers using a questionnaire through two-staged cluster sampling of 295 households from these two regions covered farm operations over the period 2009-2010. The surveyed households were grouped into five categories based on the method of crop planting and drainage conditions. The energy input of paddy production systems ranged from 55,000 to 180,000 mega joules per hectare. This high amount of energy applied to paddy production in Khuzestan province is mainly due to the high amount of energy consumed by pumping water. This critical operation led to energy ratios below one for systems recognized as more mechanized. Energy consumption through diesel and electricity which was used for irrigation purposes and machinery operations was the maximum (up to 93%). The second highest energy input source was chemical fertilizer which consumed 4 to 57% of the total energy input. An operation-wise energy use analysis revealed that harvesting and tillage operations are important consumers of energy in paddy production. The rice crop showed a low energy ratio and energy productivity, indicating an energy-expensive crop under the conditions prevailing in the province.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3779_83e8410ef54c04b0214afdc06c25108f.pdf
2016-09-22
47
56
10.22099/iar.2016.3779
Keywords:
paddy
energy productivity
operational energy
production systems
M.A.
Hormozi
m.a.hormozi@gmail.com
1
Department of Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Khuzestan, I.R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Abdeshahi
2
Department of Agricultural Economics, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Khuzestan, I.R.Iran
AUTHOR
M. A.
Asoodar
3
Department of Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Khuzestan, I.R. Iran
AUTHOR
D.C.
Baruah
4
Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
AUTHOR
Baruah, D.C., & Bora, G.C. (2008). Energy demand forecast for mechanized agriculture in rural India. Energy Policy, 36, 2628–2636.
1
Baruah, D.C., Das, P.K., & Dutta, P.K. (2004). Present status and future demand for energy for bullock-operated paddy-farms in Assam (India). Applied Energy, 79, 145–157.
2
BockariGevao, S.M., WanIshak, W.I., Azmi, Y., & Chan, C.W. (2005). Analysis of energy consumption in lowland rice-based cropping system of Malaysia. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 27(4), 819-826.
3
Chamsing, A., Salokhe, V., & Singh, G. (2006).Energy consumption analysis for selected crops in different regions of Thailand. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Ejournal, EE 06 013, Vol, VIII.
4
Chauhan, N.S., Mohapatra, P.K.J., & Pandey, K.P. (2006).Improving energy productivity in paddy production through bench marking an application of data envelopment analysis. EnergyConservation Management, 47, 1063–1085.
5
Demircan, V., Ekinci, K., Keener, H.M., Akbolat, D., & Ekinci, C. (2006). Energy and economic analysis of sweet cherry production in Turkey: a case study from Isparta Province. Energy Conservation Management, 47, 1761–1769.
6
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7
Freeman, S.M. (1980). Modification of traditional rice production practices in the developing world: An energy efficiency analysis. Agro-Ecosystems, 6, 129–146.
8
Hormozi, M.A., Asoodar, M.A., & Abdeshahi, A. (2012). Impact of mechanization on technical efficiency: A case study of rice farmers in Iran. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 176–185.
9
Hormozi, M.A., Asoodar, M.A., Abdeshahi, A. & Baruah, D.C. (2013). The Role of Water Pumping in Energy Efficiency of Rice Cropping Systems in Khuzestan Province, Iran. International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review, 3(1), 96-102.
10
JOKP. (2007). Status report of rice production in Khuzestan province Jihad–Agriculture Organization of Khuzestan Province. Ahvaz.
11
Kitani, O. (1999). CIGR handbook of agricultural engineering.Energyand biomass engineering, vol 5. St Joseph. MI: ASAE Publication.
12
Mikkola, H.I., & Ahokas, J. (2010). Indirect energy input of agricultural machinery in bioenergy production: review. Renewable Energy, 35, 23–28.
13
MJA.(2010). Annual agricultural statistics, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. Available from: http://www.maj.ir/portal/Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=20ad5e49-c727-4bc9-9254-de648a5f4d52.
14
Nassiri, S.M., & Singh, S. (2009). Study on energy use efficiency for paddy crop using data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique. Applied Energy, 86, 1320–1325.
15
PishgarKomleh, S.H., Keyhani, A., Rafiee, S., & Sefeedpary, P. (2011b).Energy use and economic analysis of corn silage production under three cultivated area levels in Tehran province of Iran. Energy, 36, 3335–3341.
16
PishgarKomleh, S.H., Sefeedpari, P., & Rafiee, S. (2011a). Energy and economic analysis of rice production under different farm levels in Guilan province of Iran. Energy, 36, 5824–5831.
17
Singh. S., Bhushan, L., Ladha, J.K., Gupta, R.K., Rao, A.N., & Sivaprasad, B. (2006). Weed management in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated on furrow irrigated raised bed planting system. Crop Protection, 25, 487–495.
18
Singh, S., Singh, M.P., & Bakhshi, R. (1990). Unit energy consumption for paddy-wheat rotation. Energy Conservation Management, 30(2), 121–125.
19
Zarasvandi, A., Carranza, E.J.M., Moore, F., & Rastmanesh, F. (2011).Spatio-temporal occurrences and mineralogical–geochemical characteristics of airborne dusts in Khuzestan province (southwestern Iran). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 111, 138–151.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Positive effects of karrikin on seed germination of three medicinal herbs under drought stress
ABSTRACT- Improper seed germination is a serious challenge for medicinal herbs under drought stress conditions in semi-arid and arid regions. A new group of plant growth regulators known as karrikins have been proved useful to improve seed germination in some plants. In this regard, the effects of karrikin on seed germination and vigor of three medicinals under drought stress were examined. Seeds of Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, and Cuminum cyminum L. were sowed under drought treatments (-1, -1.5, -2 and -2.5 MPa of PEG 6000), with and without synthetic Karrikin GR24 (10µM). Results indicated increasing osmotic pressure seed germination characteristics were severely reduced; however, karrikin significantly increased the seed germination of the three herbs. The application of karrikin in all drought conditions significantly increased germination percentage, germination rate, germination index, seedling vigor, shoot length and radicle length of all herb seedlings. Ajwain (T. copticum) showed a greater drought tolerance compared to the other medicinal species.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3780_a70cfa86377e5cbe4ec5c5fe49dfeab3.pdf
2016-09-22
57
64
10.22099/iar.2016.3780
Keywords:
Cuminum cyminum
Foeniculum vulgare
Seed vigor
Strigolactone
Trachyspermum copticum
M.
MousaviNik
1
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Abolfazl
Jowkar
ajowkar@shirazu.ac.ir
2
Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
RahimianBoogar
3
Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Agrawal, R. (2002). Seed technology. Pub. Co. LTD. New Delhi. India.
1
Alam, M.M., Nahar, K., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2014). Exogenous jasmonic acid modulates the physiology, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in imparting drought stress tolerance in different Brassica species. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 8, 279-293.
2
Akhavan Armaki, M., Azarnivand, H., Assareh, M.H., Jaafari, A.A., & Tavili, A. (2013). Evaluation of drought stress effects on germination indices of four genotypes of rangeland species. Bromus tomentellus, 6692, 167-177. (In Persian)
3
Bahmani, K., IzadiDarbandi, A., & SadatNoori, S.A. (2013). Evaluation of the contents and essential oil constituents of some ecotypes of Iranian fennel. Journal of Crops Improvement, 15(4), 13-24. (In Persian)
4
Behnamnia, M., Kalantari, K.M., & Rezanejad, F. (2009). Exogenous application of brassinosteroid alleviates drought-induced oxidative stress in Lycopersicon esculentum L. General and Applied Plant Physiology, 35, 22-34.
5
Cheng, X., Ruyter-Spira, C., & Bouwmeester, H. (2013). The interaction between strigolactones and other plant hormones in the regulation of plant development. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 1-16.
6
Chiwocha, S.D.S., Dixon, K.W., Flematti, G.R., Ghisalberti, E.L., Merritt, D.J., Nelson, D.C., Riseborough, J.M., Smith, S.M., & Stevens, J.C. (2009). Karrikins: A new family of plant growth regulators in smoke. Plant Science, 177, 252-256.
7
Coons, J., Coutant, N., Lawrence, B., Finn, D., & Finn, S. (2014). An effective system to produce smoke solutions from dried plant tissue for seed germination studies. Applications in Plant Science, 2, 1-3.
8
Dixon, K.W., Merritt, D.J., Flematti, G.R., & Ghisalberti, E.L. (2009). Karrikinolide - a phytoreactive compound derived from smoke with applications in horticulture, ecological restoration and agriculture. Acta Horticulturae, 813, 155-170.
9
Ghebrehiwot, H.M., Kulkarini, M.G., Szalai, G., Soòs, V., Balázs, E., & VanStaden, J. (2013). Karrikinolide residues in grassland soils following fire: Implications on germination activity. South African Journal of Botany, 88, 419-424.
10
Giri, J. (2011). Glycinebetaine and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6, 1746-1751. Gomes, M.M.A., Netto, A.T., Campostrini, E., Bressan Smith, R., Zullo, M.A.T., Ferraz, T.M., Siqueira, L.N., Leal, N.R., & NúñezVázquez, M. (2013). Brassinosteroid analogue affects the senescence in two papaya genotypes submitted to drought stress. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 25, 186-195.
11
Guterres, J., Rossato, L., Pudmenzky, A., Doley, D., Whittaker, M., & Schmidt, S. (2013). Micron-size metal-binding hydrogel particles improve germination and radicle elongation of Australian metallophyte grasses in mine waste rock and tailings. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 248, 442-450.
12
Ha, C.V., Leyva González, M.A., Osakabe, Y., Tran, U.T., Nishiyama, R., Watanabe, Y., Tanaka, M., Seki, M., Yamaguchi, S., Dong, N.V., Yamaguchi Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K., Herrera Estrella, L., & Tran, L.S. (2014). Positive regulatory role of strigolactone in plant responses to drought and salt stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 111(2), 851-856.
13
Habibi, G. (2012). Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates oxidative damage of barley plants under drought stress. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 56, 57-63.
14
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Hussain, S., Ali, A., Ibrahim, M., Saleem, M.F., Haji, M.A., & Bukhsh, A. (2012). Exogenous application of abscisic acid for drought tolerance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): A review. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22, 806-826.
17
International Seed Testing Association. (2008). International rules for seed testing. Seed Science and Technology, 13, 356-513.
18
Jakab, G., Ton, J., Flors, V., Zimmerli, L., Me´traux, J.P., & MauchMani, B. (2005). Enhancing arabidopsis salt and drought stress tolerance by chemical priming for its abscisic acid responses. Plant Physiology, 139, 267-274. Kang, G.Z., Li, G.Z., Liu, G.Q., Xu, W., Peng, X.Q., Wang, C.Y., Zhu, Y.J., & Guo, T.C. (2013). Exogenous salicylic acid enhances wheat drought tolerance by influence on the expression of genes related to ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Biologia Plantarum, 57, 718-724.
19
Kaya, M.D., Okçu, G., Atak, M., Çikili, Y., & Kolsarici, Ö. (2006). Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 23, 291-295.
20
Kissoudis, C., Van de Wiel, C., Visser, R.G.F., & Van der Linden, G. (2014). Enhancing crop resilience to combined abiotic and biotic stress through the dissection of physiological and molecular crosstalk. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 1-20.
21
Li, J., Yin, L.Y., Jongsma, M.A., & Wang, C.Y. (2011). Effects of light, hydropriming and abiotic stress on seed germination, and shoot and root growth of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Industrial Crops & Products, 34, 1542-1549.
22
Li, Y., Zhaoa, H., Duana, B., Korpelainen, H., & Li, C. (2011). Effect of drought and ABA on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant system of Cotinus coggygria seedlings under two different light conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 71, 107-113.
23
Long, R.L., Stevens, J.C., Griffiths, E.M., Adamek, M., Powles, S.B., & Merritt, D.J. (2011). Detecting karrikinolide responses in seeds of the Poaceae. Australian Journal of Botany, 59, 610-620.
24
Maguire, J.D. (1962). Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2, 176-177.
25
Mos, M., Binek, A., Zielinski, A., & Wojtowicz, T. (2007). Effect of osmotic stress on vigor in naked and husked oat cultivars subjected to accelerated ageing. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 5, 465-469.
26
Nair, J.J., Munro, O.Q., Pošta, M., Papenfus, H.B., Beier, P., & VanStaden, J. (2012). X-ray crystallographic structure determination of the smoke-derived karrikin KAR3. South African Journal of Botany, 88, 107-109.
27
Nazarli, H., Ahmadi, A., & Hadian, J. (2014). Salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate enhance drought tolerance in chamomile plants. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 3, 87-92.
28
Niazi, M.H., & Raja, M.R. (1971). Effect of NPK on the yield of white zeera (Cuminum Cyminum L.). Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(2), 124-127.
29
Rohamare, Y., Dhumal, K.N., & Nikam, T.D. (2014). Response of ajowan to water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 during seed germination and seedling growth. Journal of Environmental Biology, 35, 789-793.
30
RahimianBoogar, A., Salehi, H., & Jowkar, A. (2014). Exogenous nitric oxide alleviates oxidative damage in turfgrasses under drought stress. South African Journal of Botany, 92, 78-82.
31
Rao, S.R., Qayyum, A., Razzaq, A., Ahmad, M., Mahmood, I., & Sher, A. (2012). Role of foliar application of salicylic acid and L-tryptophan in drought tolerance of maize. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22, 768-772.
32
Rauf, M., Munir, M., UIHassan, M., Ahmed, M., & Afzai, M. (2007). Performance of wheat genotypes under osmotic stress at germination and early seedling growth stage. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6, 971-275.
33
RivasArancibia, S.P., Montaña, C., VelascoHernández, J.X., & Zavala Hurtado, J.A. (2006). Germination responses of annual plants to substrate type, rainfall, and temperature in a semi-arid inter-tropical region in Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments, 67, 416-427.
34
Sun, Y.Y., Sun, Y.J., Wang, M.T., Li, X.Y., Guo, X., Hu, R., & Ma, J. (2010). Effects of seed priming on germination and seedling growth under water stress in rice. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 36, 1931-1940.
35
Sunmonu, T.O., Kulkarni, M.G., & VanStaden, J. (2016). Smoke-water, karrikinolide and gibberellic acid stimulate growth in bean and maize seedlings by efficient starch mobilization and suppression of oxidative stress. South African Journal of Botany, 102, 4-11.
36
Tekrony, D.M., & Egli, D.B. (1991). Relationship of seed vigor to crop yield: a review. Crop science, 21, 816-822.
37
Ton, J., Jakab, G., Toquin, V., Flors, V., Iavicoli, A., Maeder, M.N., Metraux, J.P., & MauchMani, B. (2005). Dissecting the β-aminobutyric acid induced priming phenomenon in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 17, 987-999.
38
VanDenBerg, L., & Zeng, Y.J. (2006). Response of South African indigenous grass species to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. South African Journal of Botany, 72, 284-286.
39
Waters, M.T., Scaffidi, A., Flematti, G.R., & Smith, S.M. (2012). The origins and mechanisms of karrikin signalling. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 16, 667-672.
40
Yamada, Y., Furusawa, S., Nagasaka, S., Shimomura, K., Yamaguchi, S., & Umehara, M. (2014). Strigolactone signaling regulates rice leaf senescence in response to a phosphate deficiency. Planta, 240, 399-408.
41
Zhang, L., Gao, M., Zhang, L., Li, B., Han, M., Alva, A.K., & Ashraf, M. (2013). Role of exogenous glycinebetaine and humic acid in mitigating drought stress-induced adverse effects in Malus robusta seedlings. Turkish Journal of Botany, 37, 920-929.
42
Zeng, Y.J., Wang, Y.R., & Zhang, J.M. (2010). Is reduced seed germination due to water limitation a special survival strategy used by xerophytes in arid dunes? Journal of Arid Environments, 74, 508-511.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Discrimination of Golab apple storage time using acoustic impulse response and LDA and QDA discriminant analysis techniques
ABSTRACT- Firmness is one of the most important quality indicators for apple fruits, which is highly correlated with the storage time. The acoustic impulse response technique is one of the most commonly used nondestructive detection methods for evaluating apple firmness. This paper presents a non-destructive method for classification of Iranian apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golab) according to the duration of storage. Several data preprocessing methods were tested: normalization, detrending, Savitzky-Golay smoothing, first and second derivatives, multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate and moving average. It was observed that the maximum average Fβ value of classification on the test dataset (0.84) belongs to non-preprocessing. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) technique was performed to determine the key variables that explain most differences in the spectra. Seven principal components were used to calibrate linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) classifiers. The classification accuracy for LDA and QDA models were about 80.56% and 83.33%, respectively. The results indicated that the acoustic impulse response method is potentially applicable for the detection of apple firmnes
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3799_6e8440a6570e95b1b69d75006966980f.pdf
2016-09-22
65
70
10.22099/iar.2016.3799
Keywords:
Firmness
Nondestructive method
Preprocessing
Principal Component Analysis
Majid
Lashgari
m-lashgari@araku.ac.ir
1
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Arak University, Arak, I.R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
R.
MohammadiGol
2
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Arak University, Arak, I.R. Iran
AUTHOR
Alfatni, M.S.M., Shariff, A.R.M., Abdullah, M.Z., Marhaban, M.H.B., & Ben Saaed, O.M. (2008). The application of internal grading system technologies for agricultural products – Review. Journal of Food Engineering, 116, 703–725.
1
Corollaro, M.L., Aprea, E., Endrizzi, I., Betta, E., Demattè, M.L., Charles, M., Bergamaschi, M., Costa, F., Biasioli, F., Grappadelli, L.C., & Gasperi, F. (2014). A combined sensory-instrumental tool for apple quality evaluation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 96, 135–144.
2
DeBelie, N., Schotte, S., Coucke, P., & DeBaerdemaeker, J. (2000). Development of an automated monitoring device to quantify changes in firmness of apples during storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 18, 1–8.
3
Diezma-Iglesias, B., Valero, C., García-Ramos, F. J., & Ruiz-Altisent, M. (2006). Monitoring of firmness evolution of peaches during storage by combining acoustic and impact methods. Journal of Food Engineering, 77(4), 926-935.
4
FAO. (2011). Statistical Database/ faostat/collections. Production crop.
5
Florkowski, W.J., Shewfelt, R., Brueckner, B., & Prussia, S.E. (2009). Postharvest Handling: A Systems Approach. Academic Press. 615 pages.
6
Garcia-Ramos, F.J., Ortiz-Canavate, J., Ruiz-Altisent, M., Diez, J., Flores, L., Homer, I., & Chavez, J. (2003). Development and implementation of an on-line impact sensor for firmness sensing of fruits. Journal of. Food Engineering, 58, 53–57.
7
Hajizade, H., Mostofi, Y., & Talaie, A. (2008). Modified atmosphere packaging effects on quality maintenance and storage life extension of local Iranian Apple "Golab Kohanz". Acta Horticulture, 768. 111-116.
8
Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2012). Data mining: concepts and techniques. Third edition. Morgan Kaufmann.
9
Harker, F.R., Gunson, F.A., & Jaeger, S.R. (2003). The case of fruit quality: an interpretative review of consumer attitudes, and preferences for apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 28, 333–347.
10
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., Friedman, J., Hastie, T., Friedman, J., & Tibshirani, R. (2009). The elements of statistical learning. Vol. 2, No. 1. New York: springer.
11
Ishikawa, S., & Gulick, V. (2013). An automated mineral classifier using Raman spectra. Computers & Geosciences, 54, 259-268.
12
IEC 61672. (2002). Electroacoustics- Sound level meters.
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15
Kim, K.B., Lee, S., Kim, M.S., & Cho, B.K. (2009). Determination of apple firmness by nondestructive ultrasonic measurement. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 52, 44–48.
16
Khalifa, S., Komarizadeh, M.H., & Tousi, B. (2011). Usage of fruit response to both force and forced vibration applied to assess fruit firmness: a review. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(5), 516-522.
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Lu, R., (2007). Nondestructive measurements of firmness and soluble solids content for apple fruit using hyperspectral scattering images. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety, 1, 19–27.
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Lv, G., Yang, H., Xu, N., & Mouazen, A.M. (2012). Identification of less-ripen, ripen, and over-ripen grapes during harvest time based on visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. In Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), Second International Conference on IEEE. (1067-1070).
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Mendoza, F., Lu, R., & Cen, H. (2014). Grading of apples based on firmness and soluble solids content using Vis/SWNIR spectroscopy and spectral scattering techniques. Journal of Food Engineering, 125, 59–68.
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Nicolaï, B.M., Beullens, K., Bobelyn, E., Peirs, A., Saeys, W., Theron, K.I., & Lammertyn, J. (2007). Nondestructive measurement of fruit and vegetable quality by means of NIR spectroscopy: A review. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 46 (2), 99-118.
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Peneau, S., Brockhoff, P.B., Hoehn, E., Escher, F., & Nuessli, J. (2007). Relating consumer evaluation of apple freshness to sensory and physico-chemical measurements. Journal of Sensory Studies, 22, 313–335.
24
Peng, Y., & Lu, R. (2008). Analysis of spatially resolved hyperspectral scattering images for assessing apple fruit firmness and soluble solids content. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 48 (1), 52–62.
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Ruiz-Altisent, M., Ruiz-Garcia, L., Moreda, G. P., Lu, R., Hernandez-Sanchez, N., Correa, E. C., Diezma, B., Nicolaï, B., & García-Ramos, J. (2010). Sensors for product characterization and quality of specialty crops-A review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 74(2), 176-194.
26
Shmulevich, I., Galili, N., & Howarth, M.S. (2003). Nondestructive dynamic testing of apples for firmness evaluation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 29, 287-299.
27
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28
Sun, D.W. (2009). Infrared spectroscopy for food quality analysis and control. Academic press. 448 pages.
29
Tiplica, T., Vandewalle, P., Verron, S., GremyGros, C., & Mehinagic, E. (2010). Identification of apple varieties using acoustic measurements. International metrology conference CAFMET. Cairo, Egypt.
30
Wang, J., Gomez, A. H., & Pereira, A.G. (2006). Acoustic impulse response for measuring the firmness of mandarin during storage. Journal of food quality, 29(4), 392-404.
31
Zhang, W., Cui, D., & Ying, Y. (2014). Nondestructive measurement of pear texture by acoustic vibration method. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 96, 99–105.
32
Zude, M., Herold, B., Roger, J. M., Bellon-Maurel, V., & Landahl, S. (2006). Non-destructive tests on the prediction of apple fruit flesh firmness and soluble solids content on tree and in shelf life. Journal of Food Engineering, 77(2), 254-260.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Influence of pre-treatment on the drying process of apricots
ABSTRACT- Drying has been used for the preservation of fruits since ancient times. Dried apricot reduces the damages, weight and volume losses, packaging space, storage and handling costs. In this paper, the effects of hot air dryer on an Iranian apricot cultivar ”Noori” have been investigated. The experiment was conducted at three temperatures (30, 40 and 50oC), three fruit thicknesses (5, 10 and 15 mm) and two pre-treatments (sulphur dioxide and water soluble sodium meta-bisulphite (Na2S2O5)). Based on the analysis of variance, the effects of temperature, thickness, pre-treatment and their interactions on drying time were significant (P<1%). It was revealed that water soluble reduced drying time more than sulphur dioxide. The data was fitted to eight different mathematical models. Page model was determined as the best one to explain thin layer drying of apricots by comparing the coefficient of correlation determination(R), chi-square ( ) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and expected moisture ratios.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3800_a53e7cad2ee2b88e7392d0d7caf48431.pdf
2016-09-22
71
78
10.22099/iar.2016.3800
Keywords:
Mathematical modelling
drying kinetics
Page model
K.
JafariNaeimi
jafarinaeimi@mail.uk.ac.ir
1
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
R.
Ahmadi
2
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
M.
DavariShamsabadi
3
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Akpinar, E.K., Bicer, Y., & Midilli, A. (2003). Modelling and experimental study on drying of apple slices in a convective cyclone dryer. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 26(6), 515–541.
1
Akpinar, E.K., Bicer, Y., & Yildiz, C. (2003). Thin layer drying of red pepper. Journal of Food Engineering, 59, 99–104.
2
Akpinar. E.K, (2006). Mathematical modelling of thin layer drying process under open sun of some aromatic plants. Journal of Food Engineering, 77, 864–870
3
AOAC. (1980). Official methods of analysis (13th Ed.). Washington, DC Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
4
Appropriate temperature for drying apricot is determined.
5
Ayensu, A. (1997). Dehydration of food crops using a solar dryer with convective heat flow. Solar energy, 59(4-6), 121-126.
6
Balbay, A., Sahin, O., & Ulker, H. (2013). Modelling of convective drying kinetics of pistachio kernels in a fixed drying system. Thermal science, 17 (3), 839-846.
7
BarbosaCanovas, G.V., & VegaMercado, H. (1996). Dehydration of Foods, (first Ed.), Chapman and Hal, NY, USA.
8
Bozkır, O. (2006). Thin-layer drying and mathematical modelling for washed dry apricots. Journal of Food Engineering, 77, 146–151.
9
Brasiello, G.A., Russo, P., Crescitelli, S., Albanese, D., & Marisa, D.M. (2013). Mathematical modelling of eggplant drying Shrinkage effect. Journal of food engineering, 114, 99-105.
10
Cárcel, J.A., GarcíaPérez, J.V., Sanjuán, N., & Mulet, A. (2010). Influence of pre-treatment and storage temperature on the evolution of the colour of dried persimmon. LWT Food Science and Technology, 43, 1191-1196.
11
Chen, Q., Bi, J., Wu, X., Yi, J., Zhou, L., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Drying kinetics and quality attributes of jujube (Zizyphusjujuba Miller) slices dried by hot-air and short- and medium-wave infrared radiation. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 64 (2), 759-766.
12
Doymaz, I. (2007). Air drying characteristics of tomatoes. Journal of Food engineering, 78, 1291-1297.
13
Ertekin, C., & Yaldiz, O. (2004). Drying of eggplant and selection of a suitable thin layer drying model. Journal of Food Engineering, 63 (3), 349–359.
14
Fernando, W. J.N., Low, H.C., & Ahmad, A.L. (2011). Dependence of the effective diffusion coefficient of moisture with thickness and temperature in convective drying of sliced materials. A study on slices of banana, cassava and pumpkin. Journal of Food Engineering, 102(4), 310-316.
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Karathanos, T., & Belessiotis, G. (1999). Application of a thin layer equation to drying data of fresh and semi-dried fruits. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 74, 355–361.
17
Kashaninejad, M., Mortazavi, A., Safekordi. A., & Tabil. L.G. (2007). Thin-layer drying characteristics and modelling of pistachio nuts. Journal of Food Engineering, 78, 98-108.
18
Kouchakzadeh, A., & Shafeei, S. (2010). Modelling of microwave-convective drying of pistachios. Journal of Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 2012-2015.
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20
Midilli. A., & Kucuk. H. (2003). Mathematical modelling of thin layer drying of pistachio by using solar energy. Journal of Energy Conversion and Management, 1111-1112
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23
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24
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25
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28
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29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of date presscakes supplemented with exogenous enzyme on the growth performance, gastrointestinal and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicks
ABSTRACT- This study was designed to investigate the effects of adding different levels of date presscakes (DP), with and without enzyme supplementation (ES), on the ileal digestibility and growth performance of broiler. A completely randomized design containing 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments (with and without enzyme supplementation and 5 levels of DP) was used. The enzyme complex contained 3500 U ß –glucanase, 600 U xylanase and 10.2 U cellulase activities per g of product. Five experimental diets with similar composition as the control were prepared by partial replacements of corn by DP at the levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg diet. Day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into 40 cages at random (4 replicates per treatment, 10 birds per cage). Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients were determined. Substitution of corn by 75 and 100g DP/kg increased (linear, P<0.05) the body weight gain and feed intake. Enzyme supplementation of the diets at 50, 75 and 100g DP/kg improved (P<0.05) the daily gain of birds as compared with the birds that were fed the control diet without enzyme. Enzyme supplementation at 0, 50 and 75 g DP/kg diet improved (P<0.05) the crude protein digestibility. The data indicated that DP with ES, included at the levels of up to 100g/kg diet might enhance the growth performance of broilers..
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3847_a57db904ff5ae843d5bd4ccbb4a5d55f.pdf
2016-09-22
79
87
10.22099/iar.2016.3847
Keywords:
Broiler
Performance
Presscakes
Protein Digestibility
M.
Afsharmanesh
mafshar@mail.uk.ac.ir
1
Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
K.
Dahghani
2
Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Z.
Mehdipour
3
Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
AlHomidan, A.H. (2003). Date waste, whole dates and date pits as ingredients in broiler diets. Egyptian Poultry Science, 23, 15–35.
1
AlYousef, Y.M. (1985). Dates as foodstuff for poultry and the effect of alkali on date pit fiber. PhD. Thesis. Department of Animal Science. University of Missouri, Columbia.
2
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. (2000). 15th ed. Arlington: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
3
Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Deromnne, C., Drira, N., & Attia, H. (2004). Date seeds: Chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction. Food Chemistry, 84, 577–584.
4
Brenes, A., Smith, M., Guener, W., & Marquardt, R.R. (1993). Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat- and barley-based diets. Poultry Science, 72, 1731–1739.
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Carpenter, K.L., & Clegg, K.M. (1956). The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture, 7, 45–51.
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Choct, M. (1997). Enzyme in animal nutrition. The unseen benefits. In: R. R. Marquardt, and Han, Z. K. (Eds.), Enzymes in poultry and swine nutrition. Canada: IDRC Books.
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Hussein, A.S., Alhadrami, G.A., & Khalil, Y.H. (1998). The use of dates and date pits in broiler starter and finisher diets. Bioresource Technology, 66, 219–223.
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Iranian Council of Animal Care, (1995). Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, Vol. 1. IUT, Iran
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Nagib, H., AlYousef, Y.M., & Hmeidan, M. (1994). Partial replacement of corn with dates in layer diet. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 6, 91-96.
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NRC. National Research Council, (1994). Nutrient requirements of poultry (9th ed.). USA: National Academy Press.
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Pettersson, D., Graham, H., & Aman, P. (1991). The nutritive value for broiler chickens of pelleting and enzyme supplementation of a diet containing barley wheat and rye. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 33, 1-14.
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Robbins, D.H., & Firman J.D. (2006). Evaluation of the metabolizable energy of poultry by-product meal for chickens and turkeys by various methods. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5, 753-758.
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Rotter, B.A., Marquardt, P.R., Guenter, W., Biliaderis, C., & Newman, C., W. (1989). In vitro viscosity measurement of barley extracts as predictors of growth responses in chicks fed barley-based diets supplemented with a fungal enzyme preparation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 69, 431-439.
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Saafi, E.B., Trigui, M., Thabet, R., Hammami, M., & Achour, L. (2008). Common date palm in Tunisia: chemical composition of pulp and Pits. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 43, 2033–2037.
20
Sahin, K., & Kucuk, O. (2003). Zinc supplementation alleviates heat stress in laying Japanese quail. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 2808–2811.
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Sas Institute, (1999). SAS User’s Guide, Version 8.0. Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
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Savory, C.J., & Gentle, M.M. (1976). Effects of dietary dilution with fiber on food intake and gut dimensions of Japanese quail. British Poultry Science, 17, 561–570.
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Savory, C.J., & Knox, A.A. (1991). Chemical composition of caecal contents in the fowl in relation to dietary fiber level and time of day. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 100, 739–743.
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Sawaya, W.N., Khalil, J.K., & Safi, W.J. (1984). Chemical composition and nutritional quality of date seeds. Journal of Food Science, 49, 617-619.
25
Swiatkiewicz, S., & Korleski, J. (2008). The use of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal, 64, 257–265.
26
Vandepopuliere, J.M., AlYousef, Y., & Lysons, J.J. (1995). Dates and date pits as ingredients in broiler starting and Coturnix Quail breeder diets. Poultry Science, 74, 1134-1142.
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VanSoest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., & Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583–3597.
28
Vieira, S.L., Penz, A.M., Leboute, E.M., & Corteline, J. (1992). A nutritional evaluation of a high fiber sunflower meal. Applied Poultry Research, 1, 382–388.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Potassium reserves in soils with arid and semi-arid climate in southern Iran: a perspective based on potassium fixation
ABSTRACT- The present research was conducted to study K forms and fixation in soils of southern Iran (Hormozgan Province) with aridic and aridic-ustic regimes and to address the relations between soil mineralogy and potassium forms. Thirteen surface soil samples (0-25 cm) were collected from different regions and analyzed in laboratory. Illite and feldspar and mica are the major clay and soil minerals for K reservoir, respectively. Mean of non-exchangeable, exchangeable and total content of K were equal to 31.3, 283.9 and 1080.6 mg kg-1 soils, respectively. These forms of K were abundant in plateau and piedmont plain physiographical unites while the greatest amount of soluble potassium was observed in flood and alluvial plain units. Despite the aridity of the region with low clay fraction and unlike the previous studies in calcareous arid soils of Iran, the amount of potassium fixation in soils was high, probably due to the predominance of micaceous minerals. In an adsorption experiment, the average K adsorption in soils was 71 percent after adding 1000 mg K kg-1. In general, the most active component in the K fixation was the silt fraction, dominated mica and illite. Potassium fixation boosted after increasing the wetting and drying cycles in relation to the samples that did not suffer these cycles.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3849_d18281549c02ca4d8917dcb3b9351428.pdf
2016-09-22
88
95
10.22099/iar.2016.3849
Keywords:
Illite
Mineralogy
Potassium forms
Soheila Sadat
Hashemi
hashemy558@gmail.com
1
Department of Soil science, College of Agriculture, Malayer university, Malayer, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
H.
Abbaslou
2
Department of Civil, College of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
Abbaslou, H., Abtahi, A., Martin Peinado, F.J., Owliaie, H., & Khormali, F. (2013). Mineralogy and characteristics of soils developed on Persian Gulf and Oman sea basin, southern Iran: implications for soil evolution in relation to sedimentary parent material. Soil Science, 178 (10), 568-584.
1
Alamdari, P., Kamrani, V., & Mohammadi M. H. (2016). Clay mineralogy relationships with Potassium forms in different physiographic units. Journal of Water and Soil, 29(6), 1578-1589. (In Persian)
2
AndristRangel, Y., Simonsson, M., Andersson, S., Oborn, I., & Hillier, S. (2006). Mineralogical budgeting of K in soil: a basis for understanding standard measures of reserve K. Journal of Plant Nutrition Soil Science, 169, 605–615.
3
Azaroff, L.V., & Buerger, M.J. (1958). The Powder Method in X-Ray Crystallography. New York, NY, McGraw-Hill Boox Co. (www.xpowder.com).
4
Bostani, A., & Savaghebi, G. (2011). Study of potassium fixation capacity in some under-cultivation Sugarcanesoils in Khuzestan. Journal of Water and Soil, 25 (5), 982-993. (In Persian)
5
Choopani, S., Khosroshahi, M.M., Gholampoor, M., & Mirakhorlo, K. (2006). Determination of desert areas of Hormozgan Province from geological aspect [Abstract in English]. Iranian Journal Range Desert Research, 1(22), 17–26.
6
Darunsontaya, T., Suddhiprakarn, A., Kheoruenromne, I., Prakongkep, N., & Gilkes, R. J. (2012). The forms and availability to plants of soil potassium as related to mineralogy for upland Oxisols and Ultisols from Thailand. Geoderma, 170, 11-24.
7
Gee, G.W., & Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle size analysis, hydrometer method. p. 404-408. In A. Klute et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I,3rd Ed. America Society Agronomy., Madison, WI.
8
Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L., & Nelson, W.L. (2005). Potassium, 7th ed. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management, New Jersey, Upper Saddle River.
9
Helmke, P.A., & Sparks, D.L. (1996). Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. p. 551-574. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Method of soil analysis. Part III. 3rd Ed. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
10
Jackson, M.L. (1975). Soil chemical analysis: Advanced course. University of Wisconsin, College of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, USA, Wisconsin, Madison.
11
Jafari, S., & Baghernejad, M. (2007). The effect of wetting and drying and cultivation systems on potassium fixation in some soils and clays of Khuzestan. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 41, 75-89.
12
Loppert, R.H., & Suarez, D.L. (1996). Carbonate and gypsum. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Method of soil analysis. Part III. 3rd Ed. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
13
Moore, D.M., & Reynolds, R.C. (1997). X-Ray Diffraction and the identification and analysis of Clay Minerals. USDA, Oxford UniversityPress.
14
Murashinka, M.A., Southard, R.J., & Pettygrove, G.S. (2007). Silt and fine sand fractions dominate K fixation in soils derived from granitic alluvium of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Geoderma, 141, 283-293.
15
NajafiGhiri, M., Abtahi, A., Owliaie, H., Hashemi, S.S., & Koohkan, H. (2011). Factors affecting potassium pools distribution in calcareous soils of southern Iran. Arid land Research and Management, 25 (4), 313-327.
16
NajafiGhiri, M., & Abtahi, A. (2013). Potassium Fixation in Soil Size Fractions of Arid Soils. Soil and Water Reseach, 2, 49-55.
17
Nelson, D.W., & Sommers, L.E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. P. 961-1010. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
18
Øgaard, A.F., & Krogstad, T. (2005). Release of interlayer K in Norwegian grassland soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition Soil Science, 168, 80–88.
19
Poss, R., Fardeau, J.C., Saragoni, H., & Quantin, P. (1991). Potassium release and fixation in ferralsols (oxisols) from southern Togo. Journal of Soil Science, 42, 649–660.
20
RanadeMalvi, U. (2011).Interaction of micronutrients with major nutrients with special reference to potassium. Karnataka Journal Agricultural Science, 24(1), 106-109.
21
Rezapour, S., Samadi, A., Jafarzadeh, A.A., & Oustan, S. (2010). Impact of clay mineralogy and landscape on potassium forms in calcareous soils, Urmia region. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 12, 495-507.
22
Rhoades, J.D. (1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
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Sarah, P. (2004). Soil sodium and potassium adsorption ratio along a Mediterranean–arid transect. Journal of Arid Environments, 59 (4), 731-741.
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Soil Survey Staff. (2012). Soil Survey Manual. USDA. Handbook No. 18. Washington, D.C.
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Soil Survey Staff. (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. USDA.NRCS. Washington, D.C.
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Sparks, D.L., & Huang, M. (1985). Physical Chemistry of Soil Potassium. In: R.D.Munson.(ed). Potassium in Agriculture. ASA. CSSA. SSSA. Madison. WI., USA.
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Steenkamp, C.J., Theron, A.A., & De Bruyn, J.A. (1989). Potassium fixation in an Arcadia soil. II. Fixation by the clay fraction. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 6 (2), 86-91.
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Sumner, M.E., & Miller, W.P. (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. P. 1201-1229. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
29
Thomas, G.W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of PGPR and alfalfa extract on macronutrient and micronutrient contents of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare)
ABSTRACT- The increasing population and the pastures inability to meet food needs in livestock have led to the increase of cultivates forage plants. In order to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) extract on the growth and concentration of macronutrient and micronutrient contents of forage sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), an experiment was conducted as factorial aaraned in a completely randomized design with six replications at Research Greenhouse University of Zabol. The first factor was PGPR (included soil inoculated and non-inoculated (control) medium, and the second factor was alfalfa extract in three concentrations (0, 2 and 4 ppm). The results showed that increasing alfalfa extract concentration significantly increased total plant dry weight as well as the macro and micronutrient contents. The highest and lowest manganese contents were achieved in the 0.004 levels and control of alfalfa extracts, respectively. Copper content in 0.002 level of alfalfa extract showed a 15% increase compared to the control, with no significant difference with 0.004 of alfalfa extracts. PGPR application as growing substrate also significantly increased dry weight as well as manganese, copper and potassium contents of the plant. Also, there was no significant difference in iron content at level 4 per thousand of alfalfa extract in a substrate inoculated with PGPR compared to the non-inoculated substrate. Finally, it is recommended that the effect of alfalfa extract on yield and nutrient concentrations of other plants be examined in the future.
https://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3850_1e3c27762eb8bd1537e905580bf8250e.pdf
2016-09-22
96
103
10.22099/iar.2016.3850
Keywords:
Alfalfa extract
Dry weight
Nutrients
A.
Miri
1
Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol,, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Gholamalizadeh Ahangar
2
Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol,, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Ghorbani
maryamghorbani56@yahoo.com
3
Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol,, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
E.
Shirmohammadi
4
Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol,, I. R. Iran
AUTHOR
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